1. Central Hotel

　　2. enlarged

　　3. moved

　　4. good view

　　5. lounge

　　6. Spanish

　　7. red

　　8. July

　　9. Cliffton

　　10. 093036602

　　11. A

　　12. C

　　13. B

　　14. C

　　15. B

　　16. C

　　17. farming museum

　　18. the market selling clothes

　　19. local produced food

　　20. transport museum

　　21. B

　　22. C

　　23. B

　　24. C

　　25. B

　　26.C

　　27. sharing

　　28. education

　　29.settle

　　30. gift

　　31. length

　　32. wrong

　　33. intelligent

　　34. movement

　　35. website

　　36. reasons

　　37. restaurant

　　38. fear

　　39. smoke

　　40. emergency

　　阅读部分

　　Ambergris

　　What is it and where does it come from?

　　Ambergris was used to perfumecosmetics in the days of ancient Mesopotamia and almost every civilization onthe earth has a brush with ambergris. Before 1,000 AD, the Chinese namesambergris as lung sien hiang, “dragon`s spittle perfume,” as they think that itwas produced from the drooling of dragons sleeping on rocks at the edge of asea. The Arabs knew ambergris as anbar, believing that it is produced fro springsnear seas. It also gets its name from here. For centuries, this substancehas also been used as a flavouring for food.

　　During the Middle Ages,Europeans use ambergris as a remedy for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and otherailments. In the 1851 whaling novel Moby-Dick, Herman Melville claimed thatambergris was “largely used in perfumery. ” But nobody ever knew where itreally came from. Experts were still guessing its origin thousands of yearslater, until the long ages of guesswork ended in the 1720`s, when Nantucketwhalers found gobs of the costly material inside the stomachs of sperm whales.Industrial whaling quickly burgeoned. By 20th century ambergris is mainlyrecovered from inside the carcasses of sperm whales.

　　Through countless ages, peoplehave found pieces of ambergris on sandy beaches. It was named grey amber todistinguish it from golden amber, another rare treasure. Both of them wereamong the most sought-after substances in the world, almost as valuable asgold. (Ambergris sells for roughly $20 a gram, slightly less than gold at $30 agram.) Amber floats in slat water, and in old times the origin of both thesesubstances was mysterious. But it turned out that amber and ambergris havelittle in common. Amber is a fossilized resin from tress that was quitefamiliar to Europeans long before the discovery of the New World, and prized asjewelry. Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent,wholly-organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees,mainly pines.

　　To the earliest Westernchroniclers, ambergris was variously thought to come from the same bituminoussea founts as amber, from the sperm of fishes or whales, from the droppings ofstrange sea birds (probably because of confusion over the included beaks ofsquid) or from the large hives of bees living near the sea. Marco Polo was thefirst Western chronicler who correctly attributed ambergris to sperm whales andits vomit.

　　As sperm whales navigate inthe oceans, they often dive down to 2 km or more below the sea level to prey onsquid, most famously the Giant Squid. It`s commonly accepted that ambergrisforms in the whale`s gut or intestines as the creature attempts to “deal” withsquid beaks. Sperm whales are rather partial to squid, but seemingly struggleto digest the hard, sharp, parrot-like beaks. It is thought their stomachjuices become hyper-active trying to process the irritants, and eventuallyhard, resinous lumps are formed around the break, and then expelled from theirinnards by vomiting. When a whale initially vomits up ambergris, it is soft andhas a terrible smell. Some marine biologists compare it to the unpleasant smellof cow dung. But after floating on the salty ocean for about a decade, thesubstance hardens with air and sun into a smooth, waxy, usually rounded pieceof nostril heaven. The dung smell is gone, replaced by a sweet, smooth, muskyand pleasant earthy aroma.

　　Since ambergris is derivedfrom animals, naturally a question of ethics arises, and in the case ofambergris, it is very important to consider. Sperm whales are an endangeredspecies, whose populations started to decline as far back as the 19th centurydue to the high demand for their highly emollient oil, and today their stocksstill have not recovered. During the 1970`s, the Save the Whales movementbrought the plight of whales to international recognition. Many people nowbelieve that whales are “saved”. This couldn`t be further from the truth. Allaround the world, whaling still exists. Many countries continue to hunt whales,in spite of international treaties to protect them. Many marine researchers areconcerned that even the trade in naturally found ambergris can be harmful bycreating further incentives to hunt whales for this valuable substance.

　　One of the forms ambergris isused today is as valuable fixative in perfumes to enhance and prolong thescent. But nowadays, since ambergris is rare and expensive, and big fragrancesuppliers that make most of the fragrances on the market today do not deal init for reasons of cost, availability and murky legal issues, most perfumeriesprefer to add chemical derivative which mimics the properties of ambergris. Asa fragrance consumer, you can assume that there is no natural ambergris in yourperfume bottle, unless the company advertises this fact and unless you ownvintage fragrances created before the 1980s. If you are wondering if you havebeen wearing a perfume with this legendary ingredient, you may want to reviewyour scent collection. Here are a few of some of the top ambergris containingperfumes : Givenchy Amarige, Chanel No. 5 and Gucci Guilty.

　　题目：

　　Questions 1-6

　　Classify the followinginformation as referring to

　　Write the correct letter, A,B, C or D in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

　　A ambergris only

　　B amber only

　　C both ambergris and amber

　　D neither ambergris nor amber

　　1 being expensive...............

　　2 adds flavor to food...............

　　3 used as currency...............

　　4 being see-through...............

　　5 referred to by HermanMelville ...............

　　6 produces sweet smell...............

　　Questions 7-9

　　Complete the sentences belowwith NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage.

　　Write your answers in boxes7-9 on your answer sheet.

　　7 Sperm whales can`t digestthe ............... of the squids.

　　8 Sperm whales drive theirritants out of their intestines by ............... .

　　9 The vomit of sperm whalegradually ............... on contact of air before having pleasant smell.

　　Questions 10-13

　　Do the following statementsagree with the information given in Reading Passage?In boxes 10-13 on youranswer sheet, write

　　YES if the statement agreeswith the views of the writer

　　NO if the statementcontradicts with the views of the writer

　　NOT GIVEN if it is impossibleto say what the writer think about this

　　10 Most ambergris comes fromthe dead whales today. ...............

　　11 Ambergris is becoming moreexpensive than before. ...............

　　12 Ambergris is still the mostfrequently used ingredient in perfume production today. ...............

　　13 New uses of ambergris havebeen discovered recently. ...............

　　答案：

　　1. C

　　2. A

　　3. D

　　4. A

　　5. B

　　6. beaks

　　7. passage

　　8. vomited

　　9. hardens

　　10. True

　　11. NG

　　12. NG

　　13. False

　　(答案仅供参考)

　　We have Star performers!

　　A The difference betweencompanies is people. With capital and technology in plentiful supply, thecritical resource for companies in the knowledge era will be human talent.Companies full of of achievers will, by definition, outperform organisations ofplodders. Ergo, compete ferociously for the best people. Poach and pamperstarts; ruthlessly weed out second-raters. This in essence has been therecruitment strategy of the ambitious company of the past decade. The “talentmindset” was given definitive form in two reports by the consultancy McKinseyfamously entitled The War for Talent. Although the intensity of the warfare subsequentlysubsided along with the air in the internet bubble, it has been warming upagain as the economy tightens: labour shortages, for example, are the reasonthe government has laid out the welcome mat for immigrants from the new Europe.

　　B Yet while thediagnosis--people are important--is evident to the point of platitude, theapparently logical prescription--hire the best--like so much in management isnot only not obvious: it is in fact profoundly wrong. The first suspicionsdawned with the crash to earth of the dotcom meteors, which showed that dump isdumb whatever the IQ of those who perpetrate it. The point was illuminated inbrilliant relief by Enron, whose leaders, as a New Yorker article called “TheTalent Myth” entertainingly related, were so convinced of their own clevernessthat they never twigged that collective intelligence is not the sum of a lot ofindividual intelligences. In fact in a profound sense the two are opposites.Enron believed in stars, noted author Malcolm Gladwell, because they didn`tbelieve in systems. But companies don`t just create: “they execute and competeand co-ordinate the efforts of many people, and the organisations that are mostsuccessful at that task are the ones where the system is the star”. Thetruth is that you can`t win the talent wars by hiring stars--only loseit. New light on why this should be so is thrown by an analysis of starbehaviour in this month`s Harvard Business Review. In a study of thecareers of 1, 000 star-stock analysts in the 1990s, the researchers found thatwhen a company recruited a star performer, three things happened.

　　C First, stardom doesn`teasily transfer from one organisation to another. In many cases, performance dropped sharply when high performers switched employers and in someinstances never recovered. More of success than commonly supposed is dueto the working environment--systems, processes, leadership, accumulatedembedded learning that are absent in and can`t be transported to the new firm.Moreover, precisely because of their past stellar performance, stars wereunwilling to learn new tricks and antagonised those (on whom they nowunwittingly depended) who could teach them. So they moved, upping their salaryas they did-36 per cent moved on within three years, fast even for Wall Street.Second, group performance suffered as result of tensions and resentment byrivals within the team. One respondent likened hiring a star to an organtransplant. The new organ can damage others by hogging the blood supply, otherorgans can start aching or threaten to stop working or the body can reject thetransplant altogether, he said. “You should think about it very carefullybefore you do a transplant to a healthy body. ” Third, investors punished theoffender by selling its stock. This ironic, since the motive for importantstars was often a suffering share price in the first place. Shareholdersevidently believe that the company is overpaying, the hire is cashing in on aglorious past rather than preparing for a glowing present, and a spending spreeis in the offing.

　　D The result of massstar hirings as well as individual ones seem to conform such doubts. Look atCounty NatWest and Barclays de Zoete Wedd, both of which hired teams of starswith loud fanfare to do great things in investment banking in the 1990s. Bothfailed dismally. Everyone accepts the cliche that people make theorganisation--but much more does the organisation make the people. Whenresearchers studied the performance of fund managers in the 1990s, they discoveredthat just 30 per cent of variation in fund performance was due to theindividual, compared to 70 per cent to the company-specific setting.

　　E That will be nosurprise to those familiar wit systems thinking. W Edwards Deming used to saythat there was no point in beating up on people when 90 per cent of performancevariation was down to the system within which they worked. Consistentimprovement, he said, is a matter not of raising the level of individualintelligence, but of the learning of the organisation as a whole. The starsystem is glamorous--for the new. But it rarely benefits the company thatthinks it is working it. And the knock--on consequences indirectly affecteveryone else too. As one internet response to Gladwell`s New Yorker articleput it: after Enron, “the rest of corporate America is stuck withoverpaid, arrogant, underachieving, and relatively useless talent.”

　　F Football is anotherillustration of the stars vs systems strategic choice. As with investment banksand stockbrokers, is seems obvious that success should ultimately by down tomoney. Great players are scarce and expensive. So the club that can afford moreof them than anyone else will win. But the performance of Arsenal andManchester United on one hand and Chelsea and Real Madrid on the other provesthat it`s not as easy as that. While Chelsea and Real Madrid have the funds tobe compulsive star collectors--as with Juan Sebastian Veron--they are lesssuccessful than Arsenal and United which, like Liverpool before them, have putmuch more emphasis on developing a setting within which stars-in-the-making canflourish. Significantly, Thierry Henry, Patrick Veira and Robert Pires are muchbigger starts than when Arsenal bought them, their value (in all sense) enhancedby the Arsenal system. At Chelsea, by contrast, the only context is the starsthemselves--managers with different outlooks com and go every couple ofseasons. There is no settled system for the stars to blend into. The Chelseacontext has not only no added value, it has subtracted it. The side is lessthan the sum of its exorbitantly expensive parts. Even Real Madrid`sgalacticos, the most extravagantly gifted on the planet, are being outperformedby less talented but better-integrated Spanish sides. In football, too, starsare trumped by systems.

　　G So if not by hiringstars, how do you compete in the war for talent?You grow you own. This workedfor investment analysts, where some companies were not only better at creatingstars but also at retaining them. Because they had a much more sophisticatedview of the interdependent relationship between star and system, they kept themlonger without resorting to the exorbitant salaries that were so destructive torivals.

　　题目：

　　Questions 14-17

　　The Reading Passage has sevenparagraphs A-G.

　　Which paragraph contains thefollowing information.

　　Write the correct letter A-G,in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

　　14 One example fromnon-commerce/business settings that better system wins bigger stars ..............

　　15 One failed company thatbelieves stars rather than system ..............

　　16 One suggestion that authormade to acquire employees then to win the competition nowadays ..............

　　17 One metaphor to humanmedical anatomy that illustrates the problems of hiring stars. ..............

　　Questions 18-21

　　Do the following statementagree with the information given in Reading Passage?

　　In boxes 18-21 on your answersheet, write

　　TRUE if the statementagree with the information

　　FALSE if the statementcontradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if theinformation is not given in the passage

　　18 McKinsey who wrote The Warfor Talent had not expected the huge influence made by this book...............

　　19 Economic condition becomesone of the factors which decide whether or not a country would prefer to hireforeign employees. ..............

　　20 The collapse of Enron iscaused totally by a unfortunate incident instead of company`s managementmistake. ..............

　　21 Football clubs that focusmaking stars in the setting are better than simply collecting stars...............

　　Questions 22-26

　　Summary

　　Complete the following summaryof the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from theReading Passage for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 22-26 on youranswer sheet.

　　An investigation carried outon 1000 23.............. participants of a survey by Harvard Business Reviewfound a company hire a 22.............. has negative effects. For instance,they behave considerably worse in a new team than in the 24.............. thatthey used to be. They move faster than wall street and increase their25.............. Secondly, they faced rejections or refuse from those26.............. within the team. Lastly, the one who made mistakes had been punishedby selling his/her stock share.

　　参考答案

　　1. C

　　2. F

　　3. B

　　4. G

　　5. Not Given

　　6. Yes

　　7. No

　　8. Yes

　　9. analysts

　　10. star performer

　　11. working environment

　　12. salary

　　13. rival

　　(答案仅供参考)

　　题号：新题

　　文章大意：

　　flower 送花的反应

　　三个实验

　　第一个是送给接收实验者不同的礼物，收到花作为礼物的人会有明显的情绪方面变化，会乐于交谈并谈论更多个人隐私。

　　第二个是在封闭的电梯中进行，接收到话作为礼物的人会表现地更加亲密，更有甚者会走上钱，更可能与陌生人交流。

　　第三个是不断送花给实验对象，有的实验对象甚至会邀请开展实验的人到家中做客，这种反应让研究者们颇感意外。

　　伺候文中还讨论了人类与话这一物种的关系，花朵经过培植和繁衍，花朵与人类是相互依存，互利共生的关系。

　　分类配对题 4

　　A. The first study

　　B. The second study

　　C. The third study

　　34 A 研究送花的短期效果

　　35 A participants are misleddeliberately in this study

　　36 C产生了研究者们很意外的结果(送花后收到参与者的邀请去他们家里喝咖啡吃甜品)

　　37 B男性和女性都产生了一样的结果

　　摘要填空3

　　38 In prehistory times, people thought a place with beautifulflowers is also place with a resource of food

　　39 and better environment to raise their children.

　　40 But the face that these visually attractive flower plantscannot bear fruit in most of the cases, which means this idea is flaw?

　　写作部分

　　Thetable shows information about the numbers of Australian people who visited theseven most popular destinations in 1999 and 2009.

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