如今的托福考试包含了四项考试：阅读，听力，口语和写作，因为阅读和听力考试的题型多为选择题，所以被称为selective task，相反地，口语和写作是我们今天要说的constructive task，在托福考试中，这两项意味着考生需要发展自己的观点以及进行有效的输出。

　　很多初次接触托福的考生会有很多疑问，为什么ETS要来测试我们的学术英语呢?尤其在口语和写作这两方面?是因为在以英语为教学语言的大学里，很多时候都需要学生来构建一个以自我观点为核心的论辩(口头的或者是书面的)，学生也经常需要去总结课堂中听到的知识，这些知识被归类为以事实为核心的论辩。

　　正如你所了解到的，ETS经常使用论辩这种方式来测试学生学术英语的表达能力，因此，如果考生想在托福考试的写作和口语部分拿到一个比较高的分数，考生必须要知道如何去构建以自身观点为核心的论辩和以事实为核心的论辩。其中需要用到的策略，被称为论辩脑图，在使用此项技能之前，我们必须了解，何为论辩。

　　论辩是展示展示你个人观点的过程，而目的就是去说服别人来接受你的观点，在托福考试中，这种就是以自身观点为核心的论辩。在论辩的过程中，一定要运用完美的逻辑来征服听众。

　　逻辑是托福口语制胜的法宝，要做到框架清晰和组织明确。在考试中，逻辑清晰的论辩就是高分的保证，那如何能做到上述的要求呢?有两种组织论辩的模式可供大家来选择

　　大家先来学习第一种，演绎法(deduction)

　　大家来看这段对话：

　　Jane: Hi, Mary. How was California?

　　Mary: California was the best trip ever. (1) I learned how to surf at Malibu. At first, I kept falling off, but I kept trying and soon I could do it. It was great. And the sights.

　　Jane: Tell me.

　　Mary: (2)I visited Hollywood first, Disneyland next, and Catalina Island last. There is so much to see and do. I was exhausted. Did I tell you about Jack?

　　Jane: Jack?

　　Mary: (3)I met him at Venice Beach. He’s a movie producer. He’s so handsome. As a matter of fact, we’re having dinner tonight. Tomorrow, we’re flying back to L.A. to get married!

　　Jane: Sounds like you had a good time.

　　Mary: I had a fabulous time.

　　演绎法的结构就是在最开始，表明自己的观点：California was the best trip ever. 随后

　　3个例证来支撑自己的观点(1) I learned how to surf at Malibu. At first, I kept

　　falling off, but I kept trying and soon I could do it. It was great. And the

　　sights.

　　(2)I visited Hollywood first, Disneyland next, and Catalina Island last.

　　There is so much to see and do. I was exhausted. Did I tell you about Jack?

　　(3)I met him at Venice Beach. He’s a movie producer. He’s so handsome.

　　As a matter of fact, we’re having dinner tonight. Tomorrow, we’re flying

　　back to L.A. to get married!

　　最终再来进行结论I had a fabulous time.