逻辑单题里的假设题。假设题的关键词通常有:assume/assumption/dependson/additionalpremise/properlydrawn?
什么是假设?假设就是文章结论成立所必要的前提。正确选项往往有以下三个特点:necessary/unstated/premise。
那什么是必要呢?必要就是,没有某物就不行。没有GRE就不能申请美国学校,没有水就不能活,没有选项就没有结论。而与必要相对应的概念,充分,则是指有某物就够了。
假设题的做题思路通常是:将选项内容取反,带入文章,看能否削弱文章结论。
Uponmaturity,monarchbutterfliestravelhundredsofmilesfromtheirplacesoforiginandlaytheireggsonmilkweed.Thecaterpillarsthatemergefeedonmilkweedandabsorbtheglycosidesinmilkweedsap.Thespecificglycosidespresentinmilkweeddifferfromregiontoregionwithinthemonarchbutterfly’srange.Maturebutterfliesretaintheglycosidesinamaturemonarchbutterflycouldbeusedtodetermineitsplaceoforigin.
Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichthisargumentdepends?
A.Maturemonarchbutterfliesdonotfeedonpartsofmilkweedthatcontainglycosides.
B.Theglycosidesinmilkweedsapareslightlytoxictocaterpillarsofotherspecies.
C.Thevastmajorityofthemonarchbutterfliesthatarelayingeggsinagivenregionwillhavetraveledtherefromasingleregion.
D.Therearesubstancesotherthanglycosidesinmilkweedsapthataccumulateinamonarchcaterpillarandareretainedinthebodyofthematurebutterfly.
E.Therearecertainglycosidesthatarefoundinthesapofallmilkweeds,nomatterwheretheygrowwithinthemonarchbutterfly’srange.
成熟的蝴蝶飞离出生地。蝴蝶幼虫吃带有g的东西,g在各个地方都不一样,可以用g来判断蝴蝶的出生地。这篇文章的结论是:Maturebutterfliesretaintheglycosidesinamaturemonarchbutterflycouldbeusedtodetermineitsplaceoforigin.
对结论取反(削弱结论)就是,含有g成分的成熟蝴蝶不能被用来判断出生地。
对选项取反:A、成熟的蝴蝶吃含有g的东西。(成熟的蝴蝶在飞离出生地后吃有g的东西,幼虫在出生地也吃有g的东西,那g就不能被用来判断出生地。A正确);B、C、D、E四个选项取反之后不能用来削弱原来的结论。
选项特征——unstated
VirginiaandherbrotherWilliamdisagreeoverwhentheirfatherwasborn:Virginiaclaimsitwasin1935andWilliamclaimsitwasin1933.Thehospitalwheretheirfatherwasbornhasnorecordsfor1933buthascompleterecordsfor1935—recordsthatdonotincludeabirthrecordfortheirfather.Therefore,hemusthavebeenbornin1933.
Theargumentdependsonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?
(A)EitherVirginia'sclaimorWilliam'sclaimiscorrect.
(B)Therecordsofthehospitalwheretheirfatherwasborndatebackto1933.
(C)VirginiaandWilliamknowthedayandthemonthoftheirfather'sbirth.
(D)ThereareurgentpracticalreasonswhyVirginiaandWilliammustknowthedateoftheirfather'sbirth.
(E)NoneoftheirotherrelativesknowstheyearinwhichVirginiaandWilliam'sfatherwasborn.
V和W在他们父亲的出生时间上有分歧,V认为是1935,W认为是1933。他们父亲出生的医院没有1933的记录,但有1935的完整记录,但是这个出生记录没有他们父亲的。所以,他是1933生的。
对A选项取反,eitheror的取反是EitherVirginia'sclaimorWilliam'sclaimis(not)correct.他们两个里面有一个是错的,这就对结论起到了削弱作用。B取反,医院记录不能回溯到1933,那这个就和文章已知信息重复了。答案选A。
选项特征——necessary
AthoroughsearchofEdgarAllanPoe'scorrespondencehasturnedupnotasingleletterinwhichhementionshisreputedmorphineaddiction.OnthebasisofthisevidenceitissafetosaythatPoe'sreputationforhavingbeenamorphineaddictisundeservedandthatreportsofhissupposedaddictionareuntrue.
Whichofthefollowingisassumedbytheargumentabove?
(A)ReportsclaimingthatPoewasaddictedtomorphinedidnotbegintocirculateuntilafterhisdeath.
(B)NoneofthereportsofPoe'ssupposedmorphineaddictioncanbetracedtoindividualswhoactuallyknewPoe.
(C)Poe'sincomefromwritingwouldnothavebeensufficienttosupportamorphineaddiction.
(D)Poewouldhavebeenunabletocarryonanextensivecorrespondencewhileundertheinfluenceofmorphine.
(E)FearoftheconsequenceswouldnothavepreventedPoefromindicatinginhiscorrespondencethathewasaddictedtomorphine.
EAP的书信没有一封提到吗啡上瘾,基于此可以得出,关于他有吗啡瘾的传言都是假的。要削弱这个结论,应该是要让他有吗啡瘾的说法更像真的。
A选项取反,在他去世后,关于他上瘾的传言才开始。没有办法削弱结论。B选项取反,关于他上瘾的传言是认识他的人说的,不等于他就上瘾了。C选项取反,他的工资付得起吗啡,那他也不一定要去买吗啡。D选项取反,在吗啡的作用下他还可以写信。E选项取反,由于害怕,他不会在书信里提到他有吗啡瘾。E是正确答案。
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