Arg-170
Thefollowingappearedinamemofromthevicepresidentofacompanythatbuildsshoppingmallsthroughoutthecountry:
"ThesurfaceofasectionofRoute101,pavedtwoyearsagobyGoodIntentionsRoadways,isnowbadlycrackedandmarredbydangerouspotholes.Inanotherpartofthestate,asectionofRoute40,pavedbyAppianRoadwaysmorethanfouryearsago,isstillingoodcondition.AppianRoadwayshasrecentlypurchasedstate-of-the-artpavingmachinery,andithashiredanewquality-controlmanager.Becauseofitssuperiorworkandcommitmenttoquality,weshouldcontractwithAppianRoadwaysratherthanGoodIntentionsRoadwaystoconstructtheaccessroadsforallournewshoppingmalls."
满分范文赏析
ThevicepresidentofacompanythatbuildsshoppingmallsarguesherethatthecompanyshouldhireAppianratherthanGoodIntentionstobuildaccessroadsforthecompany.TosupportthisargumentthevicepresidentpointsoutthatacertainareaofRoute101thatGoodIntentionsrepavedtwoyearsagohasdeterioratedsignificantly,whileacertainstretchofRoute40thatAppianrepavedfouryearsagoremainsingoodcondition.ThevicepresidentalsopointsoutthatAppianrecentlyacquirednewstate-of-the-artpavingequipmentandhiredanewquality-controlmanager.Theargumentseemsveryconvincingatfirstbutdoes,infact,requireacloserlook.
【此段结构】
本段采用了标准的Argument开头段结构,即:C–E-F的开头结构,首句概括原文的Conclusion。接下两句话来概括原文为了支持他的结论,所引用两个的Evidence,最后尾句中给出开头段到正文段的过渡句,指出有一些逻辑上的Flaw。
【此段功能】
本段作为Argument开头段,具体功能就在发起攻击。首先,概括原文的结论:公司副主席认为应该让Appian而不是GoodIntentions来给公司修路。接下来分别列举了原文为了支持这个结论引用的证据:一是Appian四年前修的一段路情况良好,而Goodintention两年前修的一段路已经有很多的损坏,二是Appian公司最近有了新设备和新的质检经理,这些信息的归纳都是用于铺垫出正文段的具体攻击。最后点出原文存在逻辑错误,引出后面的分析。
Firstofall,itisunfairtoconclude,basedsolelyonthecomparisonbetweenthetwostretchesofhighway,thatAppiandoesbetterworkthanGoodIntentions.Theconclusionreliesontheassumptionthatthecomparativequalityoftwocontractors'work,ratherthansomeotherphenomenon,wasresponsibleforthecomparativeconditionofthetwostretchesofpavement.PerhapsthestretchthatGoodIntentionsrepavedislocatedinanareawhoseextremesinclimateorhightrafficvolumeservetoerodeanddamagepavementveryquickly.Forthatmatter,perhapssoilorothergeologicalconditionsinthatareawereprimarilyresponsiblefordeteriorationofthepavementalongthatstretch.Inshort,withoutshowingthatallotherconditionsinthetwoareashavebeenessentiallythesame,thevicepresidentshouldnotmakeadeterminationaboutthequalityofwork.
【此段结构】
本段采用了标准的Argument正文段结构,即:概括第一个逻辑错误的错误类型和原文犯错位置,接下来给出合理的理由和他因来反驳原文。
【此段功能】
本段作为正文第一段,攻击文章犯的主要逻辑错误:错误类比,两条路不同的损坏程度是由两公司的comparativequality造成的,很可能是其他方面的原因(如,extremeclimate气候极端,hightrafficvolume交通流量大)而不只工程质量导致道路损坏程度的差异。
Secondly,itisunfairtoconcludebasedonAppian'srecentequipmentacquisitionandpersonneldecisionthatAppianwilldoabetterjobthanGoodIntentions.PerhapsGoodIntentionshasalsoacquiredthesametypeofequipment.Moreover,perhapsGoodIntentions’quality-controlmanagerisfarmoreexperiencedthanAppian'snewmanager,andasaresultGoodIntentions’productislikelytobebetterthanAppian's.Besides,equipmentandon-sitemanagementareonlytwoofmanyfactorsaffectingthequalityofwork.Therearemorefactorstoconsider:theexperienceandcompetenceofotherworkers,pavingmaterialusedandsoon.Withoutshowingthatthetwofirmsaresimilarintheseandotherrespects,thevicepresidentcannotjustifyhisrecommendationofAppianoverGoodIntentions.
【此段结构】
本段采用了标准的Argument正文段结构,即:概括第二个逻辑错误的错误类型和原文犯错位置,接下来给出合理的理由和他因来反驳原文。
【此段功能】
本段作为正文第三段,攻击文章犯的第二个重要逻辑错误:因果类错误和忽略他因。首先,Appian公司新的equipment和personnel并不意味着他会比GoodIntention做的好,也许GoodIntention的仪器和经理要farmoreexperienced。其次,equipment和Goodintention只是两个方面,还有一些其他因素(experience,worker,material...),如果没有在其他因素都相同的条件下只比较两个方面,那么得到结论是靠不住的。
Finally,thevicepresident'srecommendationrestsontheunlikelyassumptionthatthecompanyhasonlytwoalternatives—GoodIntentionsandAppian.Inalllikelihoodtherearemanymorecompetitors,someofwhommightbeabletooffermorecompetitivelypricedproductsofequalorgreaterquality.So,inthisargument,therecommendationisn’tjustoverGoodIntentionsbutoverallothercompanies.
【此段结构】
本段是文章的第三段,是论证的第三个层次。采用了标准的Argument正文段结构,即:概括逻辑错误的错误类型和原文犯错位置,接下来给出合理的理由和他因来反驳原文。
【此段功能】
本段作为正文第三段,攻击文章犯的第三个重要逻辑错误:忽略他因。作者只给出了Appian和Goodintention这两家公司的情况,而没有提到当地其他公司与这两家公司相比又怎样的情况,因此,应该比较Appian公司和所有其他公司的情况,而不是单单与GoodIntention比较。
Insum,thevicepresidenthasnotconvincinglyarguedthatthecompanyshouldhireAppian.Tostrengthentheargumentthevicepresidentmustprovideclearevidencelinkingqualityofworktoeachcompany.ThevicepresidentmustalsoprovidebetterevidencethatAppian'snewequipmentandnewmanagerwillenhance,oratleastmaintain,thequalityofAppian'soverallworkatahigherlevelthanGoodIntentions’overallwork.Finally,tobetterassesstheargumentanaudiencewouldneedtoknowwhatotherpavingcontractorsthecompanycouldhire,thequalityofthosecontractors'workandtheoverallcostincomparisontothetwocompaniesmentionedabove.
【此段结构】
本段采用了标准的Argument结尾段结构,即:C–S的结尾结构,首先再次重申原文的站不住脚的Conclusion,接下来给出给合理建议Suggestion。
【此段功能】
本段作为Argument结尾段,具体功能就总结归纳+建议措施,首先再次重申vicepresident的观点的建议不合理,接下来给出合理的建议:同时,他必须另外提供证据说明A公司的新设备新经理使得A公司与GoodIntention相比具有higherlevel。最后vicepresident还要说明其他公司与这两家公司相比较是怎样的情况。结尾段的三条建议非常规整的隐射前面的三个错误,前后呼应,文章有力结尾,浑然一体。
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