托福阅读的成败就在于知道答案在哪里,而非答案是什么。明白作者的写作思路,找到文章的段与段之前、句子与句子之间的逻辑关系,掌握正确做题思路,以不变应万变才是关键。今天我们主要从逻辑关系、否定词、态度词、学术词四个方面为大家进行了总结手把手教你文章到底应该怎么读迅速打通你托福阅读的任督二脉!
1.逻辑关系最重要
一般来讲,托福阅读中常见的逻辑关系主要有转折逻辑、并列逻辑、比较逻辑、因果逻辑、举例逻辑五种。
逻辑是一篇文章的灵魂,也是出题者的集中地,考试中经常以混淆逻辑关系为出题点,所以快速识别出文章中的逻辑关系绝对是阅读备考的重中之重。托福文章多以科普性文章居多,有时逻辑关系表达的比较隐晦,一时间可能难以识别,但是这些都可以通过平时的训练进行提高,直至形成条件性反射。
下面就是为大家整理的一些逻辑关系的提示词,看到这些词,大家就要警觉起来,迅速识别出是哪种逻辑关系!但是这些提示词也仅供参考,大家还是要考虑具体语境。
注:以下例句均出自托福TPO阅读。
转折逻辑
这是必须掌握的逻辑关系,很容易出题。我们把让步与转折都归到这里,因为它们的提示词往往很相似,但是具体是让步还是转折我们还是根据语境分析。转折,常见于前后具有两个完全相反的意思;而让步往往有欲扬先抑、先贬后煲的意味,提及的信息有一种预料之外的感觉。
but/however最容易辨别的提示词
Thegreenicebergdidnotcontainlargeamountsofparticlesfromtheseorganisms,buttheicehadaccumulateddissolvedorganicmatterfromtheseawater.
eventhough/evenif虽然,即使
Evenifthenewpopulationisofadifferentspecies,itcanapproximatelyfillthenichevacatedbytheextinctpopulationandkeepthefoodwebintact.
nonetheless/nevertheless尽管如此,然而
Awarm-bloodedturtlemayseemtobeacontradictioninterms.Nonetheless,anadultleatherbackcanmaintainabodytemperatureofbetween25and26°C(77-79°F)inseawaterthatisonly8°C(46.4°F).
despite/inspiteof尽管
Buttheshortageofcrewsprovedtobeagreaterandgreaterproblem,despitecontinuousappealtoVenic’straditionofmaritimegreatness.
atleast隐含让步
Atleastintemperatezones,maximumdiversityisoftenfoundinmid-successionalstages,notintheclimaxcommunity.
seemto后常见转折
OneLascauxnarrativepicture,whichshowsamanwithabirdlikeheadandawoundedanimal,wouldseemtolendcredencetothisthirdopinion,butthereisstillmuchthatremainsunexplained.
并列逻辑
出现并列时要注意,要迅速把并列对象联系起来,很可能会在except题中出现。同时,某些并列词常伴随着对比转折关系。
and/both……and……最明显的并列提示词。名词间用and连接表并列,句子间用and连接常表递进
Itswimsfartherintothecoldofthenorthernandsouthernoceansthananyotherseaturtle,anditdealswiththechillywatersinawayuniqueamongreptiles.
between……and……/among
Generally,thereisuncertaintyastowhetherveryyoungchildrencandistinguishbetweenfantasyandrealityinadvertising.
aswellas还有
Allhadimmediateaccesstothesea,andthishadimportantimplicationsforasignificantinternationalresource,fish,aswellasforcheaptransport,merchantmarines,andtheshipbuildingindustry.
togetherwith伴随
Recentmeasurementsmadeinthefieldtogetherwithlaboratorysimulationsofferapromisingexplanationofhowthisstructureofchargedparticlesforms.
comprise/consist包含
ThegreaterPacificregion,traditionallycalledOceania,consistsofthreeculturalareas:Melanesia,Micronesia,andPolynesia.
either……or……/neither……nor……
Steamalsopromisedtoeliminateatransportationproblemnotfullysolvedbyeithercanalboatsorturnpikes.
apartfrom除了
Apartfromstatuesrepresentingdeities,kings,andnamedmembersoftheelitethatcanbecalledformal,thereisanothergroupofthree-dimensionalrepresentationsthatdepictsgenericfigures,frequentlyservants,fromthenonelitepopulation.
比较逻辑
主要集中在相同相似、相反相异、比较级与最高级。另外,在涉及到两个不同的对象,转折逻辑可以转换为比较逻辑。
previously时间先后对比
Previously,largeaudienceshadviewedspectaclesatthetheater,wherevaudeville,populardramas,musicalandminstrelshows,classicalplays,lectures,andslide-and-lanternshowshadbeenpresentedtoseveralhundredspectatorsatatime.
thefirsttime第一次隐含的和以前的比较,以前没有过
Forthefirsttime,peoplebegantotalkabouticeages.
比较级
Mass-producedgoodswereaccompaniedbyfewermoreaestheticallyimpressiveobjectssuchasstatuettes.
最高级
ItwasconstructedinthelatestItalianstyle
倍数
Furthermore,otherstudiesshowthatCaucasianAmericanmother-childpairstalkaboutpasteventsthreetimesmoreoftenthandoKoreanmother-childpairs.
similar/same/different表相同相似与不同
TheKinetoscopeparlorsfunctionedinasimilarway.
relatively/comparatively
OnMars,therearerelativelyfewcraterslessthan5kilometersindiameter.
ratherthan而不是,两者对比
Thereislittledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresultsprimarilyfromhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocesses.
bycontrast与前者正反对比
Bycontrast,thelargezebralivesonthemassesoflow-qualitystemmaterial.
likewise同样地
Thewildebeestsfollow,intheirmigration,thepatternoflocalrainfall.Theotherspeciesdolikewise.
some……others……转折逻辑可以转换为比较逻辑
Itisanthropologicallyimportanttoinquireintotheconditionsthatmadesomesocietiesadoptagriculturewhileothersremainedhunter-gatherersorhorticulturalists.
因果逻辑
一定要搞清楚原因和结果,常见错误选项设置即因果倒置。
because/so/therefore最明显的因果逻辑提示词
Becausethesurfaceofthewatertableisnotflatbutinsteadrisesandfallswithtopography,groundwaterisaffectedbygravityinthesamefashionassurfacewater.
cause/leadto原因导致结果
InEuropeasawhole,theexceptionalreductioninthepopulationandtherelatedfallindemandforgrainsincethebeginningoftheseventeenthcenturyhadcausedthepriceofagriculturalproductstofall.
result/consequence结果是……的原因
ThegreatheightofMartianvolcanoesisadirectconsequenceoftheplanet’slowsurfacegravity.
after后面跟隐含的原因
Afterprojectorsbecamepopular,Edisonlostmoney,andalthoughhehadpreviouslyrefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,nowbewasforcedtodoso.
once后面跟隐含的原因
Onceseenbythenatives,suchobjectscreatedafashionwhichrapidlyspreadthroughtheprovince.
举例逻辑
举例是把一类事物落实到具体的事物上,常见于推断题。例如:
我喜欢打游戏,比如荒野行动。
可推出“荒野行动是游戏”以及“我喜欢荒野行动”。
suchas
Theuseofcelebritiessuchassingersandmoviestarsiscommoninadvertising.
like
Consequently,thetimingandrhythmsofbiologicalfunctionsmustcloselymatchperiodiceventslikethesolarday,thetides,thelunarcycle,andtheseasons.
2.隐含否定要警惕
文章中出现否定也要特别注意,往往也是出题点,有可能把肯定变成否定,否定变肯定,而且往往会出现一些隐性否定词,大家也学会识别。例如:
否定词
underestimate;notatall;intheabsenceof;difficult;itisnotsurprisingthat;rarely;oppositely;unableto;preventfrom;excludeexclusion;little;keepfrom;compromise;unreliable;nonagricultural;discard;havenothingtodo;alackof。
3.不同态度要弄清
托福阅读中关于态度的表达主要集中在学者的态度与公众的态度两种,常见态度有疑问、矛盾、不确定、惊讶、正面、负面。
态度词
underestimate低估;lookdownon看不起;lookupto尊敬;think/believe态度提示词;favor/unfavor;support;withstand;contradictory;susceptible;suitable;unique;
contradiction;problem;suspect;workperfectly;criticize;vital
4.学术词汇不能忘
学术词汇分为学术名词与学术动词,主要是涉及到举例、定义、实验、说明等情况,也是需要特别注意的词。
学术名词
type;standard;result;factor;feature;explanation;theory;experiment
evidence;solution;context;foundation;view;answer;clue;evidence
学术动词
introduce;illustrate;demonstrate;identify;show;reveal;find;provide;produce
indicate;demonstrate;recognize;represent;suggest;assume;retain;discover
下面我们以TPO11第一篇文章第二段为例,与大家一起来分析一下究竟什么是正确阅读托福文章的套路。
Themajority【多数,暗含了比较】ofthree-dimensionalrepresentations【复数词,易展开】,whether【让步】standing,seated,or【并列】kneeling,exhibit【学术】whatiscalledfrontality:theyfacestraightahead,neithertwistingnorturning【并列】.Whensuchstatuesareviewedinisolation,outof【负向词】theiroriginalcontext【学术】and【并列】without【否定】knowledgeoftheirfunction【学术】,itiseasy【态度】tocriticize【否定态度】themfortheirrigidattitudes【态度】thatremainedunchanged【否定】forthreethousandyears.Frontalityis,however,【转折】directlyrelatedto【隐含因果词】thefunctionsofEgyptianstatuaryandthecontextsinwhichthestatuesweresetup.Statueswerecreatednot【否定】fortheirdecorativeeffectbut【转折】toplayaprimaryroleinthecultsofthegods,theking,and【并列】thedead.Theyweredesignedtobeputinplaceswherethesebeingscouldmanifestthemselvesinorderto【目的】betherecipientsofritualactions.Thus【因果】itmadesensetoshowthestatuelookingaheadatwhatwashappeninginfrontofit,sothat【因果】thelivingperformeroftheritualcouldinteractwiththedivineordeceasedrecipient.Veryoftensuchstatueswereenclosedinrectangularshrinesor【并列】wallnicheswhoseonlyopeningwasatthefront,makingitnaturalforthestatuetodisplayfrontality.Other【比较】statuesweredesignedtobeplacedwithinanarchitecturalsetting,forinstance,【举例】infrontofthemonumentalentrancegatewaystotemplesknownaspylons,orinpillaredcourts,wheretheywouldbeplacedagainstorbetweenpillars:theirfrontalityworkedperfectly【态度】withinthearchitecturalcontext.
以上就是今天为大家带来的这样做托福阅读,什么题型都不怕,希望对大家有所帮助。阅读并没有大家想象的那么难,我们要学会以不变应万变,关键是掌握阅读文章的正确套路,在不断练习中学会总结,相信阅读水平一定会大有长进!
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