【启德考培】虽然托福听力的题型五花八门,但是所有题型其实都是建立在学生的基础理解能力之上的,无论是听清楚具体的细节,还是理解各种语境或言下之意,都离不开考生最基本的对听力细节的把握。所以,托福听力对考生的细节理解能力提出了很高的要求,而在各类细节考点中,理解听力例子是考生们要解决的重难点之一。
托福听力中对例子的考查一般会以细节题和组织结构题两种形式来呈现:
一方面,考查例子的细节,在这种情况下一般是通过举例子来解释说明某个概念或定义,考查目标是考生能不能听清楚例子具体内容,包括原因、具体过程、影响等要素,并在选项中选出对应的正确细节;另一方面,考查例子的作用,这种情况下考生除了要听清楚例子的内容,还要回想例子之前说了什么,以及分析它们之间的内在联系,即例子是如何支撑证明前面内容的,才可以选出正确的选项。
比如:TPO14 Lecture2的第2题
What two factors does the professor say can affect a microclimate? [Click on 2 answers.]
AThe size of the animal population in the area.
BThe number of other microclimates in the area.
CThe elevation of the land where the microclimate is located.
DHuman activity in the area where the microclimate is located.
这篇讲座讲的是某些生物如何通过周遭环境(surrounding environment)形成的小气候(microclimate)来调节身体温度(regulate body temperature),而小气候会受到大量可变因素(variables)如周围区域的天气条件的影响,接着教授这么说:
But other aspects of the location like, um, the elevation of the land, the plant life nearby and so on, have a substantial effect on microclimates. And, of course, the human development in the area, um, a road will affect a nearby microclimate.
这里考查例子的具体内容,是一道非常典型的举例细节题考法。
首先,我们可以找到一个表示举例关系的信号词like,然后仔细听和记教授指出除了天气条件外影响microclimates的其他几点因素“the elevation of the land…And of course the human development in the area”,基本可以选出对应选项C和D。上面题目考查的是相对比较简单的局部例子,解释说明影响小气候的其他因素,难点主要是考生本身的听力理解和笔记能力,如果是基础比较扎实的考生,一般都能做对这道题目。但是,如果题目并非考察例子的具体内容,而是考察整个例子的作用呢?那就是另一种非常典型的举例类题目考法了,通常会以组织结构题的考查形式出现。
以TPO8 Lecture1这篇生物学讲座为例:
Why does the professor mention the population density of blackcaps in two different habitats?
ATo explain the similar reproductive rates in the two habitats.
BTo explain the relation between a species’ population density and its nesting behavior.
CTo illustrate the advantages of a preferred habitat over a secondary habitat.
DTo illustrate the possible impact of making a poor habitat selection.
听力原文:
Studies have been done on the reproductive success rates for the birds in both areas, and the result showed surprisingly that the reproductive success was essentially the same in both areas--- the preferred and the second choice habitat. Well. Why? It turned out that there were actually four times as many bird pairs or couples living in the stream edge habitat compared to the area away from the stream. So this stream edge area had a much denser population, which meant more members of the same species competing for resources, wanting to feed on the same things or build their nests in the same places, which lower the suitability of the prime habitat even though it’s their preferred habitat.
首先,题目是一道非常典型的组织结构题,考查对象是黑顶莺(the blackcaps),具体内容是在主次栖息地做了有关繁殖成功率的研究,结果表明两个地方的繁殖率基本一致,后面教授问为什么?然后接着解释原因是因为主栖息地更稠密的黑顶莺数量(denser population)带来的资源竞争降低了主栖息地的居住适宜性。题目问的是教授提及population density背后的目的,结合此类典型的举例类题目和组织结构题的做题方法,考生们除了需要听清楚具体内容,还要结合前面的内容理解分析它们之间的内在联系。可见why后面的内容即题目的考查对象是对前面内容的解释,即研究表明主次栖息地的繁殖率基本一致,同义替换选出正确选项A。
以上就是托福听力中举例类题目的细节题和组织结构题两种形式的具体题目讲解。总而言之,从近年来托福听力重点考查的举例子的作用或者是例子的细节来看,无论是听力原文有没有给出明显的表举例关系的信号词,考生们在平时做题时都要训练自己对例子的敏感度和熟悉度,通过积累、拓展和补充学科词汇和背景知识来提高自己的听力理解能力。
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