雅思听力部分

　　1. 11th March

　　2. demonstrations

　　3. test

　　4. cameras

　　5. 165

　　6. online

　　7. Edgworth

　　8. Summer

　　9. station

　　10. directions

　　11. library

　　12. 14

　　13. swimming pool

　　14. www.playwell.co.uk

　　15. violins

　　16. drums

　　17. piano

　　18. December

　　19.CDs

　　20. music concert

　　21-25 选择

　　21. A

　　22. A

　　23. A

　　24. B

　　25.A

　　26-30 配对

　　26. C

　　27. F

　　28. B

　　29.G

　　30. E

　　31-34：填空

　　31. 1.5 million

　　32. production

　　33. women

　　34. outdoor clothing

　　35-36: 选择

　　35. C

　　36. A

　　37-40：配对

　　37. F

　　38. A

　　39. D

　　40. G

　　雅思阅读部分

　　参考答案暂缺

　　参考文章：

　　Renewable energy

An insight into the progress in renewable energy research

　　A

　　The race is on for the ultimate goal of renewable energy: electricity production at prices that are competitive with coal-fired power stations, but without coal’s pollution. Some new technologies are aiming to be the first to push coal from its position as Australia’s chief source of electricity.

　　B

　　At the moment the front-runner in renewable energy is wind technology. According to Peter Bergin of Australian Hydro, one of Australia’s leading wind energy companies, there have been no dramatic changes in windmill design for many years, but the cumulative effects of numerous small improvements have had a major impact on cost. 4 We’re reaping the benefits of 30 years of research in Europe, without having to make the same mistakes that they did,’ Mr. Bergin says.

　　C

　　Electricity can be produced from coal at around 4 cents per kilowatt-hour, but only if the environmental costs are ignored. ‘Australia has the second cheapest electricity in the world, and this makes it difficult for renewable to compete,’ says Richard Hunter of the Australian Ecogeneration Association (AEA). Nevertheless, the AEA reports: The production cost of a kilowatt-hour of wind power is one fifth of what it was 20 years ago,’ or around 7 cents per kilowatt-hour.

　　D

　　Australian Hydro has dozens of wind monitoring stations across Australia as pari of its aim to become Australia’s pre-eminent renewable energy company. Despite all these developments, wind power remains one of the few forms of alternative energy where Australia is nowhere near the global cutting edge, mostly just replicating European designs.

　　E

　　While wind may currently lead the way, some consider a number of technologies under development have more potential. In several cases, Australia is at the forefront of global research in the area. Some of them are very site-specific, ensuring that they may never become dominant market players. On the other hand, these newer developments are capable of providing more reliable power, avoiding the major criticism of windmills – the need for back-up on a calm day.

　　F

　　One such development uses hot, dry rocks. Deep beneath South Australia, radiation from elements contained in granite heats the rocks. Layers of insulating sedimentation raise the temperatures in some location to 250° centigrade. An Australian firm, Geoenergy, is proposing to pump water 3.5 kilometres into the earth, where it will travel through tiny fissures in the granite, heating up as it goes, until it escapes as steam through another drilled hole.

　　C

　　No greenhouse gases are produced, but the system needs some additional features if it is to be environmentally friendly. Dr Prue Chopra, a geophysicist at the Australian National University and one of the founders of Geoenergy, note that the steam will bring with it radon gas, along through a heat exchanger and then sent back underground for another cycle. Technically speaking, hot dry rocks are not a renewable source of energy. However, the Australian source is so large it could supply the entire country’s needs for thousands of years at current rates of consumption.

　　H

　　Two other proposals for very different ways to harness sun and wind energy have surfaced recently. Progress continues with Australian company EnviroPower’s plans for Australia’s first solar chimney near Mildura, in Victoria. Under this scheme, a tall tower will draw hot air from a greenhouse built to cover the surrounding 5 km2. As the air rises, it will drive a turbine* to produce electricity. The solar tower combines three very old technologies – the chimney, the turbine and the greenhouse – to produce something quite new. It is this reliance on proven engineering principles that led Enviropower’s CEO, Richard Davies, to state: There is no doubt this technology will work, none at all.’

　　I

　　This year, Enviropower recognized that the quality of sunlight in the Mildura district will require a substantially larger collecting area than was previously thought. However, spokesperson kay Firth says that a new location closer to Mildura will enable Enviropower to balance the increased costs with extra revenue. Besides saving in transmission costs, the new site ‘will mean increased revenue from tourism and use of power for telecommunications. We’ll also be able to use the outer 500 metres for agribusiness.’ Wind speeds closer to the tower will be too high for farming.

　　J

　　Another Australian company, Wavetech, is achieving success with ways of harvesting the energy in waves. Wavetech’s invention uses a curved surface to push waves into a chamber, where the flowing water column pushes air back and forth through a turbine. Wavetech was created when Dr. Tim Devine offered the idea to the world leader in wave generator manufacturers, who rather surprisingly rejected it. Dr. Devine responded by establishing Wavetech, and making a number of other improvements to generator design. Wavetech claims that, at appropriate sites, ‘ the cost of electricity produced with our technology should be below 4 cents per kilowatt-hour.

　　K

　　The diversity of forms of greenhouse -friendly energy under development in Australia is remarkable. However, support on a national level is disappointing. According to Richard Hunter of the AEA, ‘Australia has huge potential for wind, sun and wave technology. We should really be at the forefront, but the reality is we are a long way behind.

　　参考答案

　　F

　　T

　　NG

　　T

　　F

　　T

　　F

　　B

　　D

　　A

　　C

　　B

　　C

　　(答案仅供参考)

　　参考原文：

　　Texting! the television 2

　　A

　　THERE was a time when any self-respecting television show, particularly one aimed at a young audience, had to have an e-mail address. But on Europe's TV screens, such addresses are increasingly being pushed aside in favour of telephone numbers to which viewers can send text messages from their mobile phones. And no wonder: according to research about to be published by Gartner, a consultancy, text messaging has recently overtaken Internet use in Europe. One of the fastest-growing uses of text messaging, moreover, is interacting with television. Gartner’s figures show that 20% of teenagers in France, 11 % in Britain and 9% in Germany have sent messages in response to TV shows.

　　B

　　This has much to do with the boom in “reality TV” shows, such as “Big Brother”, in which viewers voles decide the outcome. Most reality shows now allow text-message voting, and in some cases, such as the most recent series of “Big Brother” in Norway, the majority of votes are cast in this way. But there is more to TV-texting than voting. News shows encourage viewers to send in comments; games shows allow viewers to compete; music shows take requests by text message; and broadcasters operate on-screen chartrooms. People tend to have their mobiles with them on the sofa, so “it’s a very natural form of interaction,” says Adam Daum of Gartner.

　　C

　　It can also be very lucrative, since mobile operators charge premium rates for messages to particular numbers. The most recent British series of “Big Brother”, for example, generated 5.4m text-message votes and £1.35m (S2. lm) in revenue. According to a report from Van Dusseldorp & Partners, a consultancy based in Amsterdam, the German edition of MTV's “Videoclash”，which invites viewers to vote for one of two rival videos, generates up to 40,000 messages an hour, each costing curo0.30 ($0.29). A text contest alongside the Belgian quiz show “1 Against 100” (以一敌百)attracted 110.000 players in a month, each of whom paid euro 0.50 per question in an eight-round contest. In Spain, a cryptic-crossword (神秘的猜字游戏) clue is displayed before the evening news broadcast; viewers are invited to text in their answers at a cost of euro 1, for a chance to win a curo300 prize. On a typical day 6,000 people take part. TV-related text messaging now accounts for an appreciable share of mobile operators' data revenues. In July, a British operator, mmO2, reported better-than-expected financial results, thanks to the flood of messages caused by “Big Brother”. Operators typically lake 40-50% of the revenue from each message, with the rest divided between the broadcaster, the programme maker and the firm providing the message-processing system. Text-message revenues are already a vital element of the business model for many shows. Inevitably, there is grumbling(怨言)that the operators take too much of the pie. Endemol, the Netherlands-based production company behind “Big Brother”, and many other reality TV shows has started building its own database of mobile-phone users. The next step will be to establish direct billing relationships with them, and bypass the operators (运营商).

　　D

　　Why has the union of television and text message suddenly proved so successful? One important factor is the availability of special four-, five- or six-digit numbers, called “short codes” (简码). Each operator controls its own short codes, and only relatively recently have operators realized that it makes sense to co-operate and offer short code that work across all networks. The availability of such common short codes was a breakthrough, says Lars Becker of Flytxt, a mobile-marketing firm, since short codes are far easier to remember when flashed up on the screen.

　　E

　　The operators' decision to co-operate in order to expand the market is part of a broader trend, observes Katrina Bond of Analysys, a consultancy. Faced with a choice between protecting their margins and allowing a new medium to emerge, operators have always chosen the first. WAP (无线应用协议) a technology for reading cut-down web pages on mobile phones, failed because operators were reluctant to share revenue with content providers. Having learnt their lesson, operators are changing their time. In France, one operator. Orange, has even gone so far as to publish a rate card for text-message revenue-sharing, a degree of transparency (透明度)that would once have been unthinkable.

　　F

　　At a recent conference organised by Van Dusseldorp & Partners, Han Weegink of CMG, a firm that provides text-message infrastructure, noted that all this is subtly changing the nature of television. Rather than presenting content to viewers, an increasing number of programmes involve content that reacts to the viewer's input. That was always the promise of interactive TV, of course. Interactive TV was supposed to revolve around fancy set-top boxes that plug directly into the television. But that approach has a number of drawbacks, says Mr Daum. It is expensive to develop and test software for multiple and incompatible types of set-top box, and the market penetration, at 40% or less, is lower than that for mobile phones, which are now owned by around 85% of Europeans. Also, mobile-phone applications can be quickly developed and set up. “You can get to market faster, and with fewer grasping (贪婪的) intermediaries,” says Mr.Daum. Providers of set-top box technology are adding text-messaging capabilities to their products.

　　G

　　The success of TV-related texting is a reminder of how easily an elaborate technology can be unexpectedly overtaken by a simpler, lower-tech approach. It does not mean that the traditional approach to interactive TV is doomed: indeed, it demonstrates that there is strong demand for interactive services. People, it seems, really do want to do more than just stare at the screen. If nothing else, couch potatoes like to exercise their thumbs.

　　Questions 28-32

　　The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-E

　　Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E from the list below.

　　Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.

　　List of Headings

　　i an existed critical system into operating in a new way

　　ii Overview of a fast growing business

　　iii profitable games are gaining more concerns

　　iv Netherlands takes the leading role

　　v a new perspective towards sharing the business opportunities

　　vi opportunities for all round prevalent applications

　　vii revenue gains and bonus share

　　viii the simpler technology prevails over complex ones

　　ix set-top box provider changed their mind

　　28 Paragraph A

　　29 Paragraph B

　　30 Paragraph C

　　31 Paragraph D

　　32 Paragraph E

　　Questions 33-35

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

　　Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.

　　33 33.In Europe, a consultancy suggested that young audiences spend more money on:

　　A thumbing text message

　　B writing E-mail

　　C watching TV program

　　D talking through Mobile phones

　　34 What happened when some TV show invited audience to participate:

　　A get attractive bonus

　　B shows are more popular in Norway than in other countries

　　C change to invite them to the reality show

　　D their participation could change the result

　　35 Interactive TV change their mind of concentrating set-top box but switched to:

　　A increase their share in the market

　　B change a modified set-top box

　　C build an embedded message platform

　　D march into European market

　　Questions 36-40

　　Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-E) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.

　　A Lars Becker Flytxt

　　B Katrina Bond of Analysys

　　C Endemol

　　D CMC

　　E mmO2

　　F Gartner

　　36 offer mobile phone message technology

　　37 earned considerable amount of money through a famous program

　　38 shortcodes are convenient to remember when turn up

　　39 build their own mobile phone operating applications

　　40 it is easy for people to send messages in an interactive TV

　　参考答案：

　　ii

　　vi

　　vii

　　i

　　v

　　A

　　D

　　C

　　D

　　E

　　A

　　C

　　F

　　(答案仅供参考)

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