上次我们讲到了应对托福独立写作的范例、特例和调查报告等三种论证方式，相信同学们有所收获，错过的宝宝们点击“查看历史消息”就能快速复习哦。学语言的朋友们一定听说过“读写不分家”这句至理名言，没错，今天我们双手奉上托福阅读的干货。

       为什么许多同学一看到托福阅读就犯怂呢？大家常常抱怨托福阅读题量大、词汇偏、文章长，要在短短60分钟内完成40道题目，再有加试就更是崩溃了，而在所有阅读题目中句子简化题最是让人摸不着头脑的，搞不定英文长难句的同学们简直要爆炸了！

        别着急，我们先看看看下面这段中文：

       “阁下莫非就是当年华山论剑武工独步天下罕有其匹号称一朵梨花压海棠的少林寺智障大师收养的小沙弥低能的爱犬旺财踩扁的蟑螂小强曾滚过的一个粪球？”

这段话的核心内容是什么呢？相信大家都会说“阁下莫非就是粪球？”，没错，其他词都是无关紧要的修饰语，我们根本用不着浪费时间去看。中文如此，英文亦然，只要明辨核心信息，就能迅速简化长难句、找到正确的答案。这也正是Tracy刘翠云老师带来的句子简化第一大法宝“寻找句子主干”。

       大家都知道英文句子最常见的SOV（主语+谓语+宾语）结构，在此之外还有一系列修饰语（划线部分），大体可以分为7类：

1. 介词短语: a book on the desk

2. 形容词短语: a book useful for you

3. 现在分词: a house falling apart

4. 过去分词: a tool developed for the project

5. 不定式: the ability to predict the future

6. 定语从句: a man that I saw yesterday

7. 同位语从句: the fact that China held the 2008 Olympic Games

       而我们在托福阅读考试中可以毫不留情地丢掉这些修饰语，只看核心名词和动词，再把题目信息跟选项信息匹配就行了。

例：The most widely accepted theory championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.（划线部分为过去分词做定语，其余为核心信息）

例：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth's surface], the deep-ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.  (划线部分为介词短语做状语，其余为核心信息）

       怎么样，是不是比之前想象的要简单了呢？对待不同修饰成分的方法如下：

       1. 状语（状语从句）——隔离，不作为主干部分

       2. 后置修饰结构——顺序理解，后面修饰前面

       3. 嵌套结构——分层处理

       4. 插入结构——绕过

       分清主次信息后句子简化题的解题步骤就很明晰了：

       1. 确定题型 

       2. 找出高光句的主干

       3. 找出四个选项的主干

       4. 主干一致即为答案

       例：In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. 

       下列选项中哪一个信息与题目一致？（划线部分为修饰语）

        (A) Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.

       (B) Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.

       (C) Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.

       (D) According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.

       分析后发现题目简化为Arthur Einarsen found quality of browse to be substantially more nutritive,与B选项信息最为接近， 答案一目了然。

另外请大家注意，如果题目中出现了宾语从句，那么重要的是从句而非主句中的信息，类似scientists believe/hold/found这样的信息可以忽略，只看that从句就可以了。

       了解方法后请大家独立完成下面这道题目哦~

       The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

       （A）Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. 

       （B）Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

       （Ｃ）The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

       （Ｄ）Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

       看完上述方法后同学们可能会有”一招鲜吃遍天”的想法，但是这种方法在有些情况下并不适用，做题目时要分析包括题目在内的５个长难句然后才能做出判断，对于分秒必争的托福阅读考试来说太耗时间和脑力了，做完一道题就头昏脑胀，宝宝不开心呀！怎么办？请看付利贞老师带来的第二件大杀器“寻找逻辑关系”。

       托福阅读长难句分析中常用的逻辑关系和逻辑词如下：

       1. 原因：because, since, as , seeing that, considering that, now that, not that …but that, in that

       2. 条件： if, unless, suppose, supposing, so long as, on condition that, provided that, providing that

       3. 比较：than , as

       4. 让步：though, although, no matter,even if, even though, as

       解题步骤：

       １．确定题型

       ２．找出高光句的主干与逻辑关系

        3 ．排除逻辑关系不一致的选项

       ４．在剩余中选择主干一致

       例：He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.　

       （Ａ）Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.

       （Ｂ）Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.

       （Ｃ）Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.

       （Ｄ）Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.

       由reasoning得知题目逻辑关系为，可以排除比较关系的Ａ和条件关系的Ｄ，再寻找主干，把题目中的宾从简化为 exhibitors would purchase only one machine，与Ｃ选项 it limited the number of machines 对应。

       相信大家可以独立完成下面这道题目了吧！

       Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls.

     （Ａ）The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm.

     （Ｂ）Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls, they used regular controls to maintain their realm.

     （Ｃ）Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together.

     （Ｄ）Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws.

       看完长沙启德考培老师们带来的干货，相信同学们会在句子简化题中灵活运用“寻找句子主干”和“寻找逻辑关系”这两种方法了，俗话说“熟能生巧”，记得勤加练习哦。说完托福阅读，我们当然也要为“烤鸭”们谋福利，尽请期待雅思阅读组的分享哦~

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