阅读部分

　　第一篇

　　【题材分类】工业

　　炼钢铁，为了发展铁路需要更强的钢铁，有个人发明了炼钢的装置，后人改良了它，这项技术给美国钢铁冶炼和工业发展以及基础设施带来了很大影响。

　　第二篇

　　【题材分类】环境学

　　火有时候对于森林是有好处的，可以让土壤更加肥沃，比单纯自然降解能加快营养的分解。山火的可燃物的可及性和密度决定其规模最终决定是否有害，人们扑灭山火可能会使其更大有不利影响，举例黄石公园的大火。

　　第三篇

　　N人群的发展，从K人到N人，变得有更大的领地和更稳定的居住地了，后来又有society ranking了，最后开始自己种植作物

　　其他篇目

　　农业：New England新的耕种方法，先说土地收成差，想了很多办法，种植作物更高效更高产，改进技术等。

　　历史：非洲狩猎文明如何向农耕文明转变。

　　生物：bird song 基于一个学者的研究进行分析，鸟怎样叫是社会化的

　　历史：1968年世界各地的暴乱和造成的原因以及影响。

　　考古：O这个地方的古文明。

　　地质：地震震级的测量

　　听力部分

　　Conversation 1

　　【题材分类】课堂内容

　　女生出去玩车坏了，所以耽误了教授的课，教授给他讲了课上讲的内容，用了一个澳大利亚的东西的例子最后确定了女生的主题是关于油棕榈树oil palm tree的利弊影响

　　Conversation 2

　　【题材分类】校园工作

　　career employee在给女生讲他是怎么来到这个岗位，然后讨论了一下女孩的简历，又建议女孩去一个公园里面做part time job

　　Conversation 3

　　【题材分类】校园生活

　　学校工作处的人以为学生要修东西，就说要修东西需要提前打电话，但是学生为了别的事来，学生要卖艺术专业学生的作品，想找学校借可以上锁的储物房间。工作人员以为他们在室内卖，但其实她们在室外的桌子上卖。

　　Conversation 4

　　【题材分类】课程论文

　　学生问关于连载的问题。因为他想写paper，关于维多利亚时期连载的原因和现代媒体里电视剧连载的原因。教授举例Charles Dickens，他脑子里可以同时有好多故事的情节，然后写一点发一点，有的作者会全写完才一点一点发表。因为狄更斯的成功，连载变得流行。

　　Conversation 5

　　【题材分类】校园生活

　　学生因为要搬到校外，所以去食堂找经理商量meal plan，但是不行的，最后食堂经理说可以让他到其他地方就餐，离他住处更近一些。

　　Conversation 6

　　【题材分类】课程论文

　　学生找老师讨论paper，肯定了paper但指出了其中错误的地方，pollution对frog影响不一定是坏的

　　Conversation 7

　　【题材分类】课程论文

　　老师找学生说关于城市和乡村青蛙数量对比的论文有问题。城市污染越多，反而青蛙数量也多，是因为污染减少了细菌的数量，然后说他的数据引用有问题。

　　Lecture 1

　　【题材分类】物理

　　物理上的关于random motion，最开始举了一个实验，说是理论上的所以不可行，后来科学家用一种微生物成功做了实验，但是还是有局限性。

　　Lecture 2

　　【题材分类】仿生学

　　engineering利用 biology的三种方法，有3种。

　　a.仅仅参考output的表现形式，例子是变色龙随着环境会改变颜色，于是engineer就发明一种鞋子也可以变换颜色，但是原理和方法不同;

　　b.参考原理和方法，但是不完全一样，例如hoop and loop，engineer参考一种什么生物让它更tiny;

　　c.完全一样，举例子太阳能的顶是参考一种植物，植物油什么功能，可以让阳光照进来更多，所以热水器也用了类似的结果让阳光更多进来。

　　考题是三种方法的区别。

　　Lecture 3

　　【题材分类】电影

　　film «Russian A_K»，有个特色是全程采用一个镜头不带剪辑的，然后教授举了例子说我从教室前走到教室后，一个镜头和分镜头的区别，然后又说一个镜头很难不能重来，需要长时间排练，然后有人说导演就是为了吸引观众，但是教授不赞成，然后说因为内容和形式相辅相成表达主旨不能分开看。

　　Lecture 4

　　【题材分类】历史

　　美国人口的迁移，对比了美国和欧洲，欧洲因为欧洲人在自己生活的地方有更强的联系，所以迁移率低。对比美国和新西兰、澳大利亚，美国的法律宽松、房价低所以更多人迁移。最后讲了美国的年轻人老年人对于往南部迁移的原因不同。老年人因为环境好物价低，年轻人因为就业机会多。

　　Lecture 5

　　【题材分类】心理

　　有个现象就是你觉得自己长跑的时候累到不行，但是看到终点反而有劲了速度更快了。是因为什么呢?首先professor复习了一下知识点，什么brain控制muscle fiber的contract，有两个理论，一个是muscle告诉brain累了，另一个是brain以为自己累了然后告诉muscle，这样可以保护muscle，后面一个例子是累了到了某个地方又忽然可以继续逛，还有一个自行车运动员的例子，最后教授是肯定第二个理论的。

　　其他讲座

　　生态学：光污染，影响了动物的捕食(举了鱼，海龟，鸟类迁徙)

　　生物：鸟的飞行模式

　　考古：一些古老的石头，他们的用途是什么，有好几种理论

　　物理：物理课，爱因斯坦相对论

　　文学：关于诗人斯坦因(stein)的作品特点。

　　考古学：发现了一个遗址，讨论是用来做什么的

　　地球科学：说了Proxy Date和另外一个date的区别，然后Proxy Date举了Cave的例子。然后研究它有麻烦之类的。

　　历史：大概是讲有个法国人叫S,他反对现在的Principe关于什么是对的什么是错的，教授中间用一个年轻法国人的例子来说明S的观点。

　　文学：讲了意大利的剧作家Ofer的创作，对比了他和古希腊歌剧的区别。还讲了两种歌剧的区别。一个更容易表达情感但不容易表达的detail。

　　口语部分

　　Task 1

　　What do you think is the best background for a political leader? Military, Business or Law background?

　　Task 2

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

　　It is more difficult to save money now than it was in the past.

　　Task 3

　　【阅读】学生写信建议study room不应该允许小组会议(group meetings)

　　1. 因为很吵, group meeting 应该去咖啡厅

　　【听力】不同意

　　1. 她在并不觉得那些小组很吵，讨论时都会压低声音，如果真要学习可以去图书馆

　　2. 去校园外进行小组讨论要花钱买咖啡什么的，会花很多钱

　　Task 4

　　【标题】化学伪装

　　【定义】动物释放气味来迷惑捕猎者。

　　Task 5

　　【问题】女生是 business club 的主席，要举办一个庆祝活动给毕业生，但是礼物送来发现马克杯出现了问题

　　【解决方案1】让商家重做

　　缺点：可是时间会晚,大家都回家了，需要一个个寄送

　　【解决方案2】：给学生发T恤，不发马克杯了

　　缺点：但东西都一样，没有个性

　　Task 6

　　【话题】Brand ritual，一种提高顾客忠诚度的商业策略(business strategy to increase consumer loyalty)，有两个好处

　　要点1：使产品更有价值

　　例子1：举了一家巧克力公司，让顾客掰开每一块巧克力看里面

　　要点2：顾客更有归属感

　　例子2：建立起顾客之间的interaction,举了一家汽车公司，站在路边挥手会载你之类的

　　写作部分

　　Integrated Task

　　Causes of sea star's disease: parasites, bacteria, rising water temperature

　　提出了三种可能造成sea star disease 的原因：寄生虫、细菌、水温升高

　　【阅读】

　　1. 附着在海星身上的寄生虫快速扩散，导致海星死亡;

　　2. 海星以贝类为食，贝类上的细菌导致海星死亡;

　　3. 水温升高，导致海星的免疫力下降，从而死亡。

　　【听力】：反驳

　　1. 寄生虫只会在海星繁殖期对海星有害，但是海星数量全年都在减少，所以海星的死亡不是寄生虫导致的;

　　2. 海星可以抵御这种细菌，不会产生疾病;

　　3. 实际上海星死亡率较高的海域水温都很恒定。

　　Independent Task

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

　　Students do not respect their teachers as much as they did in the past.

　　Speaking Independent Tasks

　　口语独立题

　　Task 1

　　[Question]

　　What do you think is the best background for a political leader? Military, business or law background?

　　[Response]

　　I think a business background is the best for a leader. This is because business requires a lot of interaction with people, both positive and negative. Businesspeople need to please clients and be persuasive, both helpful in diplomacy. They also need to deal with negative and high-pressure situations, such as firing employees or dealing with financial loss, which again is a good quality for leaders.

　　On the other hand, military and law backgrounds are not suitable. Military people may have a tendency to be too harsh and blunt, and may be even aggressive, which will make them unlikeable. Those from a law background will be unsuitable because they mostly speak to others in law, so they will find it difficult to connect with the common people, even if they are good at persuading others.

　　Task 2

　　[Question]

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

　　It is more difficult to save money now than it was in the past.

　　[Response]

　　Now we often find it difficult to save money. Many stores and companies are becoming better and better at thinking up ways of getting us to spend money. These new methods can make us not realize how much we are actually spending, or make us think that the amount we are spending is justified. This can be through breaking up payments into smaller amounts, like on app stores, or by inventing complicated deals and offers that make the real cost unclear. Selling strategies and clever marketing can also persuade us, making us more willingly spend money on things we would not have before. Companies are getting smarter at getting our money, so it is more difficult to save it.

　　Writing Independent Task

　　写作独立题

　　[Question]

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

　　Students do not respect their teachers as much as they did in the past.

　　[Response]

　　The respect the younger generation shows for their elders is something that shifts across cultures.But despite this disparity, there are universal traits shared around the world concerning specific relationships. Perhaps the most key of these, aside from the parent-child relationship, is that between teacher and student.

　　One often hears of—be it from parents, grandparents, old TV dramas, or history class—particularly strict past methods of approaching classroom punishment, ranging from shaming in front of classmates to beating with rulers or canes. One can assume that most children were terrified of the repercussions of behaving inappropriately, including being disrespectful to their teacher. Seeing as many countries now forbid corporal punishment, and often discourage methods that may damage a child further in favor of more constructive techniques, surely this suggests that the consequences now are not as serious as before? This is turn would suggest that children have less to be afraid of, and therefore would be more likely to misbehave in class, perhaps by being less respectful to the teacher than their parents or grandparents would have been.

　　There is also a wider trend in society of a loosening of age-based social hierarchies. As humans continue to modernize, with mobility increasingly accessible, and travel and communication making relationships sustainable over longer and longer distances, we move away from communities based on extended family being in close physical contact. As the economy diversifies, children no longer need to follow the same career path as their parents and grandparents before them. As varied sources of knowledge become more accessible, with a key one being the internet, children need not rely on those above them in the community’s social hierarchy to impart knowledge. These factors combine to mean that children no longer need to rely so much on their elders for their journey through life, and with a lack of dependence one could also understand why there would be less impetus for showing respect by default.

　　When one considers the changes that have occurred to the classroom, which most of us would likely consider to be positive, and the context of a changing world that they are set within, it is easy to infer from this a decrease in the respect showed to teachers by students, regardless of whether one considers this to be a positive or negative change. We can use this reasoning to support the “Back in my day…” claims that our parents are often so keen to use to keep us in line, or simply to complain about the current generation.

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