托福阅读部分

　　第一篇

　　【题材分类】古生物学

　　【标题】猛犸象的灭绝

　　气温升高grassland变成tundra栖息地变少，气温模型在某些地区试用比如西伯利亚，有些地方不适用比如美国北部，但是前几次气温波动并没有造成大规模生物灭绝。

　　第二篇

　　【题材分类】工业

　　【标题】英国的工业发展

　　冶铁技术改进，蒸汽机改良，促进铁路建设，改变了传统工厂依赖矿的区位分布，开始靠近城市并获得了更大的市场，其他像巴黎没有煤矿分布，依靠铁路的密集分布称为一个巨大的商业中心。

　　第三篇

　　【题材分类】艺术史

　　【标题】European renaissance

　　一开始讲欧洲的艺术风格都是religious的。

　　一个德国艺术家去了两趟意大利学习当地的画风，深深影响了欧洲。

　　北欧和中欧的艺术风格不太一样，因为北欧没有白色大理石，只能用木头，建造教堂前面牧师的小桌子主要用于export。

　　第四篇

　　【题材分类】天文学

　　【标题】Pluto's status

　　Pluto一开始被认为是行星，但后来发现它的构成和size不满足条件。

　　其它篇目

　　- 动物学：动物交流主要是为了生存和繁衍后代，提到了honest signal和dishonest signal还有size和声音deeper的关系。

　　- 动物学：青蛙还是什么动物数量减少的原因

　　- 动物学：斑马条纹(zebra stripes)的作用

　　- 历史：the collapse of Copan

　　- 大陆漂移学说

　　托福听力部分

　　Conversation1

　　【题材分类】课程论文

　　学生去找教授指导毕业典礼上的演讲，学生问教授能不能给自己改一改，教授说自己是评委不能改，学生说想extraordinary一点，不能按照outline写;教授说人家让你进了初试就是想让你按照这个写，教授还建议了city college的speech。

　　Conversation2

　　【题材分类】校园生活

　　给天文系的学生活动定做T恤衫，前面是太阳系里的major planet背面的Pluto pun;让别的学生选天文学作为minor，设计这个衣服的idea是从marine biology department学的。

　　Conversation3

　　【题材分类】校园生活

　　女生找老师问是否能以给老师工作过的经历去找一份house sitter的工作，教授说可以，还给她提供了另一个工作，做他的assistant，pay也不错，女生觉得不错，还可以同时做house sitter的工作，考到女生对老师的offer的态度。还问到老师给学生的建议。

　　Conversation4

　　【题材分类】校园生活

　　女生找老师问是否能做排球的活动，老师说以前搞过baseball的，顺便就地点以及需要的物品给女生说了下，女生说想让residence hall各出代表队去比赛，老师说不如去张贴海报看看学生感不感兴趣。

　　其他对话

　　- 课程论文：学生和professor讨论她在书上看到的一个建筑概念。

　　- 课程论文：学生去找advisor讨论他的专业和未来就业的问题。

　　- 校园生活：学生在博物馆的information desk工作。和museum director讨论他的schedule

　　- 课程论文：向日葵为什么一直向着太阳

　　Lecture1

　　【题材分类】经济

　　externality

　　先解释概念，说商品价格常常不能反应cost，因为有third party的产生，比如steel mill，steel的价格不能反应cost，因为有pollution，也提到了airport noise pollution，这里有目的题。然后给出了3个解决方法，一是regulation or law，禁止企业从事污染严重的生产活动，二是tax，三是subsidy，收的税可以用来治理污染水源，但是不能解决空气污染，因为不可逆。三提到了塑料废品回收，通过给钱让人们做这件事。

　　Lecture2

　　【题材分类】文学

　　塞缪尔•约翰逊的传记特征。与后面的浪漫主义时期传记做了对比。强调他注重真实展现人物，不只是写名人，而侧重展现他们的人生经历来引起读者的empathy，浪漫主义时期的比较偏向寻找读者和传记主体的共性来引起共鸣，最后一题考的是问答，学生说为什么不能把他归类到浪漫主义的时候，老师给出了否定的回答，考了老师的观点。

　　Lecture3

　　【题材分类】天文学

　　火星的地质差异。火星南北半球的地质差异大，dichotomy比如北部多山地南部多山脉，原因1是mantle，这里有一个地球类比的重听题，说了在地球上了解mantle够难了，别提火星上了。另一个说以前是一个mass continent，后来提到了computer simulation，这里根据产量知道speed force and angle。这里有个三选。

　　Lecture4

　　【题材分类】天文学

　　天文学陨石撞击。开头用二叠纪灭绝引出规模更大的一次灭绝，都提到了陨石撞击，但分别提出了理论的问题，说明不能单用这个解释。

　　其它讲座

　　音乐史：virtuoso产生的原因，举了帕格尼尼的例子，讨论了和现代的相似之处。

　　生理学：讲人嗅觉和听觉的感官不同

　　动物学：分析蚂蚁的 teaching behavior

　　天文学：红矮星在其他星系被发现

　　社会学：ritual 的两种特征

　　商学：三种 product adolescence。quality/function/style

　　艺术：一个舞台剧里面的现实主义(realism)

　　动物学：一个法则，越冷的地方动物体型越大

　　艺术：北美的陶器(pottery)

　　托福口语部分

　　Task 1

　　Some professors tend to give group assignments instead of individual assignments. Talk about one advantage and one disadvantage of this. Use specific details and examples in your answer.

　　【Response】

　　One advantage of individual assignments is that I can be free to make my own choices, without having to worry about what classmates want and having to pay attention to their needs, so I know that 100% of the grade that I get is because of my decisions and hard work, and no one else’s. On the other hand, sometimes you need your classmates to make up for a weakness that you have, or to give you an idea or motivation when you’re stuck. A second opinion can be really helpful when you have to make complex choices that will affect the whole project, so being alone can give you lots of pressure and even slow down your progress.

　　Task 2

　　Some people prefer to convince other people about certain issues, while others are fine to agree to disagree. Which do you prefer and why? Use specific details and examples in your answer.

　　【Response】

　　I prefer to agree to disagree. Firstly, it’s important to realize that some pairs of people, no matter how convincing either side’s argument is, will not be able to agree on certain issues. For example, my best friend hates living in the city, and even though I can’t persuade her otherwise, we simply understand that we have different tastes. Secondly, refusing to back down in an argument or debate can be seen by some as arrogant or even rude. Some people may see your determination as a sign that you think only you are right and that you are stubborn. Also, they may not actually want to be persuaded, and may actually only be interested in hearing your opinion without the persuasiveness.

　　Task 3

　　【阅读】

　　学校取消便携电脑项目，因为用的人少，而且可以去computer center

　　【听力】男生反对

　　1. 用电脑的人少，因为电脑太旧。

　　2. 便携电脑和去computer center不一样。前者可以带着电脑去任何地方，后者只能固定一个地方

　　Task 4

　　【标题】aposematic behavior

　　【定义】当捕食者意识到他们的猎物有问题的时候就不会再吃他们了。

　　【听力】一种毛毛虫，毛毛虫不好吃还有毒，鸟吃了会不舒服。但它们看见鸟时不逃，而是摇头晃脑吸引鸟吃它们。鸟吃了不舒服，以后就不会再吃了。

　　Task 5

　　【问题】女生要借车去很远的超市才能买到食物，但是她朋友因为有事不能借她了。

　　解决方案1：骑自行车去超市

　　缺点：超市很远东西很多

　　解决方案2：换一个食谱做吃的

　　优点：可以在很近的超市买到食材

　　缺点：女生想分享她的特别配方

　　Task 6

　　【话题】公司设备和员工培训都是影响企业发展的内部原因

　　例子：超市，收钱机器老旧收钱慢，顾客不满意

　　员工不清楚货品在哪，给顾客指错路，顾客不高兴可能不买就走了

　　托福写作部分

　　1. Integrated Writing 综合写作

　　重复2014年12月13日考题

　　2.Independent Writing独立写作

　　重复2015年10月11日

　　[Question]

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

　　It is a waste of money for the government to fund space travel or space exploration.

　　[Response]

　　The government has not wasted money by funding space travel and exploration, because it furthers innovation and technology that can benefit society and also pushes the human need to explore the unknown. Furthermore, the amount of money spent is relatively small compared to other programs within government spending, particularly in the US.

　　Firstly, many technologies that we take for granted in today’s world were developed through the innovations of space exploration. If you have ever had Velcro shoes as a child, then you need to thank NASA for this invention. And non-stick pans were also a technology that came from the space program in the US. The list goes on. I think of the first time I saw someone with a prosthetic limb, and it was not until recently I found out this was also developed through NASA technology. I then looked at other examples, and saw that my cordless vacuum cleaner at home, with all its convenience, was also created from innovations used to send things into space. So, even if the money can seem a lot at first, the benefits to humanity are shown through the adaptation of these innovations for everyday use.

　　But space exploration is not just about getting value for money through technology. The money is not wasted because it is part of human nature to want to explore, and a price cannot be placed on this. We always want to see ‘what it is out there’. If we didn’t, then Christopher Columbus would not have sailed to the Americas, and other pioneers would never have mapped Antarctica. The desire to explore and learn is important, and if this costs a certain amount of money then that cannot be classed as a waste.

　　I always thought that space exploration was very costly, but in fact in countries that have famously gone into space, such as the US, the total budget is much lower. Going to the moon or sending a rocket into space seems like it would cost a lot, but I was lucky enough to hear a TED talk about the relative costs. Medical care, the military, and even some sports stadium costs are higher for taxpayers than certain space missions.

　　This is why, despite the costs, they are not a waste. They promote innovation, create new technologies, satisfy human needs for exploration and cost less than many other less beneficial programs.

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