第一篇
【题材分类】地质学
【标题】论证大陆板块漂移学说的正确性
第一段讲现有大陆的海岸线并不吻合,后来科学家发现大陆藏在海底的那部分形状是吻合的,因为海里对陆地的腐蚀少。第二段讲冰川的迁移。南极大陆(或者北极大陆)以前是热带地区,证明板块漂移也是对的。第三段讲化石。补充Milankovitch hypothesis,地球的公转、自转角度等等影响冰川形成和地球温度。然而这个假说1920年提出是不好验证,近年来有两个证据,一是海里的,另一个是美国的,海里的证据证实了Milankovitch hypothesis;美国的相反,最后两个都对,海里的证据是全球气候,美国的是当地气候。
第二篇
【题材分类】生物学
【标题】岛屿上退化掉飞行能力的鸟
第一段讲退化掉飞行是因为岛上资源有限,不够吃,而飞行耗能大,岛上逃避天敌们不需要飞,因此退化。第二段,几代就可以进化到不飞。举了例子。但当岛上来了别的入侵者或人类,这些不能飞的鸟不堪一击。有第三段讲同种鸟类,一些还能飞,一个进化掉了飞行能力。
第三篇
【题材分类】古生物学
【标题】恐龙是不是热血动物?
一开始说冷血、热血这么说不对,应该说内热、外热动物。然后有一个教授恐龙是内热动物,第一就是恐龙运动量大,外热提供不了这么多能量。第二、恐龙的形态,可以站起来,外热的动物站不起来。最后有人反驳,说那种四肢在身体两侧(站不起来的)也有内热的动物,比如海豚。
第四篇
【题材分类】海洋生物学
【标题】珊瑚和z的寄生关系
珊瑚提供保护,z提供光合作用产生的二氧化碳,但寄生珊瑚不能在太低温度或太深的海底因为光照不到 z光合作用也就不行了。但有些也不是寄生的,判断寄生方法是同位素 ,z需要c12而非c13,多余c13排放被珊瑚吸收,所以13多的珊瑚就存在寄生关系,判断化石生长速度,用x ray ,类似于年轮。
第五篇
【题材分类】生物学
【标题】达尔文 finch 的 beak和进化论的关系
排除环境因素,基因决定,三拨科学家来观察,达尔文得到进化论核心部分,L在潮湿的季节观察,结果错了,而G是对的。并找到规律,先吃小的柔软的,而把大而硬的种子储存起来干旱时候吃,所以干旱时候,beak大的鸟存活下来数量增多。
第六篇
【题材分类】微生物学
【标题】questioning spontaneous generation
一个科学家通过实验验证了细菌的不可自我再生,巴斯德的两个实验,但是有个问题是地球初期的细菌怎样产生?另一个科学家在前人的基础上通过一个模拟实验让模拟细菌创生的可能性大大提高。
其他篇目
- 人类学:本来一开始男性狩猎,女性采摘,男女地位差不多,随着农业和畜牧业的发展,男性越来越多地转向农业和畜牧业,女性主要是农业附属物,做衣服等。因此女性地位下降,人们选择男性当继承人。
- 历史:工业革命,富豪圈地老百姓farm ownership下降,富豪换成与种植业相比更不需要劳动力的sheep养殖,所以人们只能离开家里进入工厂,这些改变因此进一步促进工业革命。
- 生物:生物由于有限的资源占据不同生态位避免竞争
- 历史:英国和F国的羊毛贸易发展
- 艺术:壁画发现,保护,包含的一些图案,和古人调颜料的方法
- 古生物:地球上最初生命的起源,可能是从火星来的陨石
- 考古:金字塔建设中的一些猜测,为什么呈现特殊的角度:运原料;法老可以走向天堂。
听力部分
Conversation 1
【题材分类】校园生活
女生想换宿舍,宿管中心找不到,因为路牌被人拿走了。她和朋友想住一起,但是没分到一起,可能是她朋友交申请比她晚三周,她室友很好。两个解决办法,第一个是:等三周重新申请,第二个是:两个宿舍的人交换。她要回去跟室友商量一下。
Conversation 2
【题材分类】课程论文
运费如何影响网购行为调查。举了T-shirt 例子,两个队员在比赛,不能和教授讨论,只能在dining hall 调研。
其他对话
校园生活:关于排球场地被艺术学术物品占据。
图书馆:预约了讨论室,但是书被挪走了,管理员会去问问循环desk的工作人员。
Lecture 1
【题材分类】心理学
学持续思考、非持续思考对于简单选择的影响。考点是用选择学校,举例说明简单和复杂的选择,在四分钟内做出买车决定,试验证明简单选择的四个因素,复杂的12个。另一个考点是为什么非持续思考能够更好地做出复杂选择。
Lecture 2
【题材分类】生物
动物怎么防止被天敌追捕,有三个方法,一个是放信号,同伴就很快反应,可以逃跑了,举了船队的例子;第二个方法是herd分散逃跑,天敌就不知道追哪一个了,举了斑马的例子;第三个是群体数量足够大。这个方法只有很少的证据支撑,所以不能下定论。
Lecture 3
【题材分类】历史
central town,有人认为是因为经济政治中心,统治周边小地区。但有很多镇子没看到fortify,有些小镇过于偏远,所以判断不是因为要做political economic中心,而只是长途trade 的一个停靠点。
Lecture 4
【题材分类】商学
当你在一个地方stick住了,你要怎么解决它creatively。例子:他做assignment的时候也有这种问题。教授就讲了2个方法,其中一个是是把一件事情拆开一个一个解决,举了看电影的例子。
Lecture 3
【题材分类】心理学
人们认为小孩子看电视不好,但是有研究证明一些教育类的电视节目对于孩子的成长是有利的,能提高academic abilities,这种影响是长期才会显现的。然后讲到社交能力,社交能力的提升是不明显的,因为社交能力有很多因素影响,所以测量不准确。
其他讲座
- 天文学:meteoroid是什么,由什么决定到达地球。提到date技术,最重要的一点是能够预测未来的形势。
- 古生物学:恐龙的某个身体组织的用途,两个假说哪个正确。一个假说是2007提出的,2010年提到一个分子是可以产生颜色的,用鹦鹉说明这一点,因此最后否定c假说。
- 环境工程学:减轻温室效应,使得云denser to reflect heat。
口语部分
Task 1
If your friend is going to visit your country, what kind of transportation would you suggest he/she use?
Task 2
Would you support the idea of building a factory in the city you live in, which could create many jobs but pollute the environment?
Task 3
【阅读】学校决定建一个专门的second-hand bookstore
1. 可以给学生提供更多旧书
2. 可以回购学生的旧书
【听力】同意
1. 买旧书可以帮助学生节约钱,之前买新书花了很多钱
2. 学生卖了旧书可以腾出空间,比如有的学生书太多了,都堆在地上了,而扔掉又很可惜,如果有这个政策,学生可以把旧书卖了make room还可以make money。
Task 4
【标题】value analysis
【定义】一种用来save cost的方法,不需要调整价格就能增加收益
【听力】一个camera公司花了很多精力生产了新的leather camera case,但是通过市场调研发现,客户并不需要这种leather case,所以他们还是换成了便宜的 nylon case,这样做可以节约成本,从而增加收益。
Task 5
【问题】男生明天要give presentation,需要打印poster,但是还没做完,学校打印店一小时后就要关门了
【解决方案1】尽量在一个小时之内完成
优点:可以按时打印出来
缺点:无法做一个很cool的poster
【解决方案2】去off-campus copy shop
优点:晚上也开门,这样就有充足的时间做poster
缺点:校外打印费很贵
Task 6
【话题】dragonflies(蜻蜓)善于捕获猎物两个原因
1. vision好
例子:dragonflies眼睛很大,这样的特殊结构可以让他看到不只是眼前的东西,比如它的正上方有个prey,但是它还是可以看到prey;
2. 它的头脑里有个计算系统,可根据猎物的移动测算速率
例子:去抓一个moving prey,蜻蜓可以跟踪一个移动的目标,计算飞行轨迹,并据此巧妙地调整飞行路径。
写作部分
Integrated Task

Independent Task
Which one of the following factors is the most important in helping you work productively?
- Having an environment free of noise and distractions
- Knowing that you will receive a reward
- Doing something you are interested in
口语写作独立题范文
Speaking Independent Tasks口语独立题
Task 1
[Question]
If your friend is going to visit your country, what kind of transportation would you suggest he/she use?
[Response]
If my friend is going to visit my country, I would suggest that he use rail transportation while he was here. First, rail transport would be a great way for him to travel within a city. Most big cities in my country have their own rail system, which connects the entire city from one end to the other. For example, I use the Shanghai Metro every day to travel from my home to school. It’s not only convenient, but also cheap. Second, rail transportation is a great way to travel from one city to another in my country. If my friend wanted to travel to, say, Beijing from Shanghai, he could just take the high-speed rail, which is much cheaper than an airplane and doesn’t take that much longer.
Task 2
[Question]
Would you support the idea of building a factory in the city you live in, which could create many jobs but pollute the environment?
[Response]
I would be against the building of a factory in my city if it could create many jobs but pollute the environment. First of all, jobs are not as important as the environment, especially when my city is already quite polluted. A less polluted environment means everyone in the city—from babies to the elderly—gets to breathe in cleaner air and drink cleaner water. In other words, they would get to enjoy a longer and healthier life. Also, a factory would make the city uglier. Usually, factories are large and gray buildings that billow out smoke, making everything around them grayer and dirtier. And an uglier city would repel residents and tourists.
Writing Independent Task写作独立题
[Question]
Which one of the following factors is the most important in helping you work productively?
- Having an environment free of noise and distractions
- Knowing that you will receive a reward
- Doing something you are interested in
[Response]
Working productively is vital to a person’s success in school and work, and indeed, in life. There are many factors that may affect a person’s ability to work productively, such as having an environment free of noise and distractions, or knowing that you’ll receive a reward. What’s most important to helping me work productively is doing something I’m interested in.
Having an environment free of noise and distractions can be nice, but I’ve found that a peaceful environment barely affects my work productivity. Most of the time when I’m working, I’m so concentrated on what I’m doing that I hardly pay attention to my surroundings. Friends could be having conversations right next to me, my cat could be licking my arm, or the television could be blaring. Usually, none of those “distractions” have an effect on me. And even if I do get distracted by nearby noises, it’s easy to tune them out by wearing my earphones and listening to music.
Knowing that I’ll receive a reward is nice, but also not really helpful in improving my productivity. Sure, it might make me want to work on an assignment, but I’ve found that once I begin working, the reward is quickly forgotten. Distractions, if there are any, are still there, and my lack of interest in the subject is still there. These factors—the latter more than the former—have more impact on my productivity than a distant reward. Also, most rewards simply don’t appeal to me. Things like money, pets, and cell phones—even praise and approval—fail to really motivate me. I mostly have those things already or don’t really care about them.
What I really need in order to work productively is to do something I’m interested in. In my experience, time flies by when I’m working on something I enjoy. For example, in my English class we were assigned to write a five-page story, due at the end of the week. As soon as I got home, I sat down, started typing, and before I knew it, hours had passed and I was finished. I was able to complete everything in one sitting and on the very day I received the assignment, all because I love writing stories. It doesn’t get more productive than that. The environment wasn’t an issue; I was effectively immune to any distractions. And no reward was necessary, for working on the task was fulfilling enough.
Therefore, my personal experiences tell me that, more than any other factor, working on something I find interesting helps me work productively.
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