各位考生有没有想知道一些常常出现在托福阅读中的词汇短语呢?今天启德考培小编就为大家整理一份这样的资料。这份资料就包含了托福阅读中常常出现的副词、短语、常用连接词以及经典句子。所以大家完全可以下载来为己用，省却“积累”这一步骤的时间，直接看着资料“思考”就好了。大家可以通过这份资料来了解一些常用的副词和短语句子，熟悉这些句型，以后遇到类似的句型能够准确地把握它们在阅读中的意思表示，也可以适当的背诵一些好词好句。

　　Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why itwas

　　produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms.

　　难句类型：并列句+复杂修饰

　　本句是由两个并列句构成的，Without this knowledge是状语，主句是we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why or the concepts，就是说我们只能在形式上理解埃及的艺术，不能理解为什么埃及艺术会是这样和内容会是这样的，在why后面的从句和concepts后面各有一个句子来具体讲它们的内容，频繁出现的and扰乱了同学们对于句子结构的把握。concepts后面that引导的shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms.都是用来修饰concepts的。在第二个并列分句中宾语非常长，使用了层层追

　　加修饰的方法，使句子变得难于理解。

　　译文：

　　没有这些知识，我们对于古埃及艺术的欣赏就仅仅局限在形式上，而无法理解这种艺术为什么会被创造出来，以及决定艺术品采用某种特殊形式的内在理念。

　　意群训练：

　　Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why itwas

　　produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms.

　　12

　　In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably withthe

　　art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like

　　classical Greek statuary?

　　难句类型：复杂修饰

　　其实本句从逻辑结构的角度上来分析并不复杂。冒号后面的句子是在对冒号前面的部分进行解释和说明。但是本句就是在各种句子成分的修饰上比较繁琐。主语是a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art，谓语是has often led,宾语部分是it to becompared unfavorably with the art of other cultures，冒号后面的Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the bodyturned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary是对这个不利的比较进行的说明，其中由which引导了一个从句来修饰雕塑。但是整体来说，这个句子并不很复杂。

　　译文：

　　事实上，缺乏对于古埃及艺术目的的了解经常会导致古埃及艺术被拿来和其他文明的艺术相比较，而这种比较对于古埃及艺术来说是相对不利的：为什么古埃及人不像古希腊人那样创作一些身体扭转或者弯曲的雕塑?

　　意群训练：

　　In fact, a lack ofunderstanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably withthe

　　art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned andtwisted through space like

　　classical Greek statuary?

　　13

　　He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was，in fact, in the proper migratory

　　direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.

　　难句类型：插入语+复杂修饰

　　本句有一个很短的插入语in fact，但是它出现的位置很讨厌，打乱了我们读句子时连贯的思维，所以还是要先跳过去，主句其实是He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast核心意思就是说他做的试验除了阴天的时候，其他时候鸟类都能准确的找到自己的方向。at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements用来修饰阴天时候鸟类的活动，属于典型的次要成分，但是同学们如果没有分清主次，读完对吼这个句子就会忘记主句的核心意思，得不偿失。

　　译文：

　　事实上，一般它们都扑向他们迁徙飞行的方向，除了天阴多云的时候，此时它们拍打翅膀乱扑的行为没有明确的方向。

　　意群训练：

　　He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory

　　direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.

　　14

　　In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that

　　“noisy” nest was taken or destroyedby predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.

　　难句类型：复杂修饰

　　本句结构其实不难，但是有很多人读不懂，when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg是状语从句，主句是the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyedby predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.影响同学们理解本句的关键是在before这个词上，很多同学一看到它就认为是在什么之前，以为是方位上的比较，其实这是时间上的比较，就是说比较喧闹的鸟巢中的鸟蛋先被破坏。主谓宾都有修饰成分，所以句子读起来不是很舒服。

　　译文：

　　事实上，当在一个放有鸟蛋的人工燕巢里播放燕子乞讨的录音时，37次实验中有29次，在“喧闹”环境中的鸟蛋比在附近安静燕巢中的蛋先被捕食者夺走或毁坏。

　　意群训练：

　　In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “

　　noisy” nest was taken or destroyedby predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.

　　15

　　The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attractingpredators yields a

　　prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher

　　frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimizedby nest predators.

　　难句类型：同位语从句+定语从句等复杂修饰

　　本句主语是The hypothesis后面跟了一个由that引导的同位语从句begging calls have evolved properties然后又有一个由that引导的定语从句reduce their potential for attractingpredators修饰properties，其实主句结构很简单，就是the hypothesis yields a prediction,然后冒号后面的部分来解释这个假设，baby birds shouldproduce softer begging signals，同学们遇到这样的复杂修饰的句子，一定要先把主句结构读出来，核心意思掌握了，再看那些次要的修饰成分即可。

　　译文：

　　关于乞讨声发展演化出一些性质，能够降低幼鸟吸引捕食者的潜在危险的假说产生出一个预言：那些被捕食频率较高的幼鸟种群应该比那些很少被捕食的种群产生出更柔和的高频乞讨信号。

　　意群训练：

　　The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attractingpredators yields a

　　prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation shouldproduce softer begging signals of higher

　　frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimizedby nest predators.

　　16

　　The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging—such energy costs are small relative to

　　the potential gain in calories— but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share

　　genes with one another.

　　难句类型：插入成分+复杂修饰成分

　　本句中有一个由两个破折号引导的比较长的插入成分，我们先跳过插入成分，完整的读下来句子应该是The answer lies not in the increased energy costsbut rather in the damage，其他的都是非重点的次要句子成分，同学们只要能读出来本句的核心意思是答案不在高能量消耗而在伤害，就可以了。至于其他的修饰成分，只要搞清楚谁修饰谁就可以。ETS非常喜欢这种层层追加修饰的方法，把句子搞得很长，但是实际上没有什么重要信息。

　　译文：

　　答案明显不在于夸张的乞讨叫声需要高能量消耗——这些能量和将要获得的能量相比是很少的——而是在于任何一个成功的欺骗者会对和它有同样基因的亲缘造成伤害。

　　意群分类：

　　The answer liesapparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging — such energy costs are smallrelative to

　　the potential gain in calories— but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would doto its siblings, which share

　　genes with one another.

　　17

　　Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to

　　have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.

　　难句类型：插入成分+复杂从句

　　我们先跳过插入成分读主句结构是Most engravings are best lit from the left,由as引导的从句befits the work of right-handed artists对主句进行解释和说明，然后由who引导定语从句嵌套一个目的状语从句来修饰艺术家这么做的原因generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.

　　译文：

　　例如，大多数时候都是从左侧照射雕刻比较好，这样适于右撇子艺术家工作，他们通常喜欢将光源放在左侧以便自己手的投影不会落在雕刻工具或刷子的末端。

　　意群训练：

　　Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer

　　to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.

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