文章按时间顺序记叙了 1928 年 “南十字星号” 飞机首次横跨太平洋飞行的壮举。详细介绍了飞行团队、航行路线、飞机装备、途中遇到的挑战以及此次飞行的历史意义。

判断题

1. FALSE; 2. NOT GIVEN; 3. TRUE; 4. FALSE; 5. NOT GIVEN; 6. TRUE; 7. TRUE

填空题

8. 15 meters; 9. compasses; 10. rafts; 11. week; 12. bravery; 13. money

Japanese Bizen: Art that Rose from the Ashes

A Bizen ware is one of Japan’s Six Ancient Kiln ceramics, originating in Imbe village of Okayama Prefecture in western Japan, with its origins traceable back to the late Heian period around the 12th century, evolving from primitive Sue stoneware. The local geography laid solid foundations for its prosperity: surrounding mountains provide abundant iron-rich clay and firewood, while three nearby rivers plus convenient coastal shipping made nationwide commodity transport effortless for local potters. Unlike most Japanese pottery decorated with colourful glazes, classic Bizen has zero artificial glaze coating, all surface colors and textures come purely from clay composition, kiln temperature, wood ash and oxygen changes during high-temperature firing.

B The core raw material of Bizen production is unique paddy field clay dug from local rice paddies. Before being used for shaping, harvested clay must be stored and naturally aged outdoors for multiple years to remove impurities and improve malleability. Its high iron content is the key to varied natural hues: direct flame contact creates bright scarlet or persimmon-orange called hi-iro; falling charcoal ash leaves milky white or light grey patches; low-oxygen sealed kiln areas turn the surface into deep chestnut and gunmetal black. A famous traditional technique named hidasuki wraps dried straw rope tightly around unfired pots; after firing, rope combustion leaves distinctive red linear marks on ware surfaces.

C Bizen’s early production focused entirely on practical daily necessities such as storage jars, mortars and water containers for ordinary villagers from the Kamakura to Muromachi era. It gained aristocratic recognition in Japan’s Momoyama age when the nation’s iconic tea master Sen no Rikyu promoted minimalist wabi-sabi aesthetics for tea ceremonies. Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, two powerful feudal rulers, became loyal collectors, ordering large batches of handcrafted Bizen tea bowls and vases for formal royal tea gatherings, lifting Bizen from rural folk craft to high-end artistic ceramic.

D For centuries, Bizen pieces are fired in huge traditional climbing wood-fired kilns over 10 consecutive days and nights without interruption. Potters place finished unfired wares at different shelf positions inside the kiln intentionally: items near the fire gate receive strong open flame, while those deep inside stay in low-oxygen smoky zones. No two finished Bizen works can ever look identical, as tiny shifts in airflow and ash fall create unrepeatable natural patterns, a core charm pursued by generations of Bizen craftsmen.

E The industry faced severe decline twice in modern history. First, mass-produced cheap glazed industrial ceramics flooded the domestic market in early 20th century, drastically cutting demand for hand-made Bizen. Second, World War II disrupted raw material supply and forced most ancient kilns to shut down temporarily. Thanks to efforts from several master potters in the mid-1950s, traditional Bizen craftsmanship was designated Japan’s Intangible Cultural Property, receiving official government financial support and protection, which saved the endangered craft from vanishing entirely.

F Contemporary Bizen development balances heritage protection and modern innovation. Modern artisans retain all classic raw material and firing rules but design new-style tableware, decorative artworks for global art collectors; international art exhibitions held annually introduce Bizen rustic beauty to Europe and North America, steadily expanding its overseas market. Meanwhile, local pottery museums and craft workshops open to tourists, turning Bizen Imbe village into a famous Japanese cultural tourism spot.

Questions 14-19

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list below.

List of headings

i. the daily life of local potters in ancient times

ii. modern revival and international development

iii. comparisons between Bizen and other Asian ceramics

iv. challenges and official rescue in modern times

v. raw clay and natural colour formation rules

vi. geographical advantage and basic feature of Bizen

vii. traditional long-time wood-kiln firing technology

viii. historical shift from daily goods to elite tea craft

14 Paragraph A

15 Paragraph B

16 Paragraph C

17 Paragraph D

18 Paragraph E

19 Paragraph F

Questions 20-23

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

Write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

20 All varieties of traditional Japanese pottery are covered with artificial glaze.

21 Local Bizen clay is left to mature for at least two full years before pottery making.

22 Top Japanese feudal lords helped boost Bizen’s social status in Momoyama period.

23 Modern electric kilns have completely replaced traditional wood-burning kilns for Bizen production.

Questions 24-26

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

24 The special red stripe patterns on Bizen are made via the _____ method with straw ropes.

25 In old days, ordinary local residents used Bizen mainly as various kinds of _____.

26 Bizen craft obtained government aid after being listed as _____ in Japan.

答案：14-19: vi v viii vii iv ii

20-23: F NG T F

24-26: hidasuki daily necessities Intangible Cultural Property cultural tourism

一篇典型的心理学实验与理论综述文章。探讨了群体对个体行为表现的影响，核心概念包括 “社会促进”、“社会惰化”。通过介绍多个经典实验(如拉绳实验、计算机任务实验)和不同学者的观点，分析了群体情境下个体动机、焦虑水平、表现评估方式等因素的相互作用。

特殊词匹配题(人名 - 观点匹配)

27. E; 28. A; 29. D; 30. E;

31. B; 32. A; 33. E; 34. A; 35. C

摘要填空题

35. social facilitation;

36. social loafing;

37. complex;

38. separate rooms;

40. averaged